[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":556},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm386-audio-amplifier-gain-20:tr":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":514,"localizationFallbackIssues":515,"related":516,"confirmations":515},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":47,"gotchas":52,"formulas":72,"bom":115,"interactiveElements":163,"circuitJson":212,"svg":510,"relatedSchematicSlugs":511,"relatedComponentSlugs":512,"relatedBoardSlugs":513},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-18",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Claude (draft and CAD redraw); Gemini (independent documentary review against TI SNAS545D); owner publication GO; no bench or native-human claim",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Flm386.pdf","lm386-audio-amplifier-gain-20","20 kazançlı LM386 ses amplifikatörü","audio_amplifiers","Tier 1","TI LM386 veri sayfasındaki en az parçalı hoparlör amplifikatörü: bir ses potansiyometresi, dahili 20 kazançlı LM386, bir çıkış kondansatörü ve 9 V pilden 8 Ω hoparlör süren bir RC devresi.","Bu, Texas Instruments LM386 veri sayfasındaki (SNAS545D) Şekil 9-1'dir: LM386 ile bir hoparlörü en az parçayla sürmenin yolu. Kazanç dahili olarak 20'ye sabitlendiği için geri besleme parçalarına gerek yoktur; girişler toprağa referanslı olduğu için sinyal ses kontrolü üzerinden doğrudan 3 numaralı pine gidebilir; çıkış da kendini beslemenin yarısına öngerilimlediği için tek bir kondansatör onu hoparlöre bağlar. Besleme olarak 9 V pil çizilmiştir; veri sayfasındaki 5 V ile 12 V aralığındaki her besleme aynı şekilde çalışır. TI, uygulama devrelerinin bileşen spesifikasyonunun parçası olmadığını ve nihai tasarımın doğrulanması gerektiğini belirtir.","### 1. Giriş ve ses seviyesi\nGiriş sinyali VIN, diğer ucu toprağa bağlı 10 kΩ'luk potansiyometre RV1'in üst ucuna gelir. Sürgü sinyalin bir kısmını alıp 3 numaralı pine (+INPUT) verir. 2 numaralı pin (−INPUT) toprağa bağlıdır. LM386'nın içinde her iki giriş de 50 kΩ'luk dirençlerle toprağa öngerilimlenmiştir. Şekil 9-1'de girişte kuplaj kondansatörü yoktur; TI, eklenmesinin giriş ofset sorunlarını tamamen ortadan kaldırdığını belirtir. 3 numaralı pindeki sinyal mutlak maksimum giriş gerilimi olan −0,4 V ile +0,4 V aralığında kalmalıdır; bu devrede bu, RV1 kısılarak sağlanır.\n\n### 2. Sabit 20 kazanç\n1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boşta bırakılır. Bu durumda dahili 1,35 kΩ'luk direnç gerilim kazancını 20'ye, yani 26 dB'ye ayarlar:\n$$A_V = 20,\\quad 20\\log_{10}(20) \\approx 26\\text{ dB}$$\n1 ve 8 numaralı pinler arasına bir kondansatör kazancı 200'e (46 dB) çıkarırdı; bu devre onu kullanmaz.\n\n### 3. Çıkış öngerilimi ve hoparlöre kuplaj\nÇıkış katı kendini besleme geriliminin yaklaşık yarısına öngerilimler; 9 V'luk pille bu yaklaşık 4,5 V'tur. C1 bu DC seviyeyi engeller, böylece hoparlörden sürekli akım geçmez, ses sinyalini ise geçirir. Artı ucu 5 numaralı pine bakar. 8 Ω'luk hoparlörle birlikte, hesaplanan kesim frekansı yaklaşık 80 Hz olan bir yüksek geçiren filtre oluşturur:\n$$f_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R_L C_1} = \\frac{1}{2\\pi \\cdot 8\\,\\Omega \\cdot 250\\,\\mu\\text{F}} \\approx 80\\text{ Hz}$$\nKesim frekansının altındaki frekanslar hoparlöre zayıflayarak ulaşır.\n\n### 4. Çıkıştaki RC devresi\nSeri bağlı C2 (0,05 µF) ve R1 (10 Ω), 5 numaralı pinden toprağa gider. TI, veri sayfasındaki uygulama devrelerinin çoğunda çıkışa böyle bir devre koyar ancak amacını açıklamaz. Bu tür seri RC devresine genellikle Zobel veya Boucherot devresi denir: hoparlör bobininin empedansının arttığı yüksek frekanslarda amplifikatöre yaklaşık 10 Ω'luk bir yük sağlar ve kararlı kalmasına yardımcı olur.\n\n### 5. Besleme\nLM386N-1 4 V ile 12 V arasında çalışır ve sinyal yokken 6 V'ta tipik 4 mA (en fazla 8 mA) çeker. TI, 6 numaralı pinin yakınına GND'ye bir kondansatör önerir; veri sayfası değerini vermez ve Şekil 9-1'de gösterilmez.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44],{"label":27,"value":28},"Çalışma besleme gerilimi","Şemadaki gibi 9 V pil; LM386N-1 çalışma aralığı 4 V – 12 V (TI §6.5); tasarım tablosunda 5 V – 12 V (TI Tablo 9-1)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Gerilim kazancı","1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boştayken 20 (26 dB) (TI §9.2.1.2.1)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Yük","8 Ω hoparlör; tasarım tablosunda 4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI Tablo 9-1)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Çıkış gücü","VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = %10'da tipik 325 mW, en az 250 mW (LM386N-1); veri sayfası LM386N-1'in 9 V'taki çıkış gücünü belirtmez",{"label":39,"value":40},"Boşta akım","VS = 6 V, VIN = 0'da tipik 4 mA, en fazla 8 mA (TI §6.5)",{"label":42,"value":43},"3 numaralı pindeki giriş gerilimi","−0,4 V ile +0,4 V (mutlak maksimum ve önerilen aralık)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Alt kesim frekansı","≈ 80 Hz, C1 = 250 µF ve 8 Ω yük için hesaplanmıştır; ölçülmemiştir",[48,49,50,51],"AM\u002FFM radyo amplifikatörleri","Interkomlar","TV ses sistemleri","Taşınabilir ses projeleri için pille beslenen hoparlör çıkışı",[53,58,63,67],{"title":54,"trap":55,"solution":56,"severity":57},"Girişin aşırı sürülmesi","Mutlak maksimum giriş gerilimi ±0,4 V'tur. Kulaklık veya hat seviyesindeki bir sinyal daha büyük olabilir; doğrudan 3 numaralı pine verilirse bu sınırı aşabilir ve çıkış, giriş bu sınıra ulaşmadan çok önce kırpılır.","RV1'i şemadaki gibi kaynak ile 3 numaralı pin arasında tutun ve ses kısıkken başlayın; 3 numaralı pindeki sinyali ±0,4 V içinde tutun.","critical",{"title":59,"trap":60,"solution":61,"severity":62},"Besleme dekuplajının olmaması","Şekil 9-1'de beslemede kondansatör yoktur, ancak TI 6 numaralı pinin yakınına bir tane önerir. O olmadan uzun pil kabloları ve besleme dalgalanması çıkışa uğultu veya kararsızlık olarak ulaşır.","6 numaralı pin ile GND arasına, entegrenin hemen yanına bir kondansatör ekleyin (veri sayfası değer vermez) ve hoparlör kablolarını kısa tutun (TI §10, §11.1).","warning",{"title":64,"trap":65,"solution":66,"severity":62},"C1'in ters takılması","5 numaralı pin beslemenin yaklaşık yarısında durur, bu yüzden C1 üzerinde sürekli bir DC gerilim vardır. Ters takılan bir elektrolitik ters öngerilimlenir.","C1'i artı ucu 5 numaralı pine, eksi ucu hoparlöre gelecek şekilde takın ve besleme geriliminin üzerinde bir nominal gerilim kullanın.",{"title":68,"trap":69,"solution":70,"severity":71},"Daha fazla kazanç beklemek","1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boştayken kazanç yalnızca 20'dir. Mikrofon gibi zayıf bir kaynak kısık duyulur.","200 kazanç için 1 ve 8 numaralı pinler arasına 10 µF'lık bir kondansatör bağlayın (TI Şekil 9-3) ve yüksek kazançta TI §9.2.1.2.2'nin istediği gibi kullanılmayan girişi baypas edin veya toprağa bağlayın.","info",[73,82,102],{"name":30,"latexOrText":74,"description":75,"variables":76},"A_{V(dB)} = 20\\log_{10}(A_V) = 20\\log_{10}(20) \\approx 26\\text{ dB}","1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boştayken dahili 1,35 kΩ'luk direncin belirlediği kazanç.",[77],{"symbol":78,"name":79,"typicalValue":80,"unit":81},"A_V","Gerilim kazancı (oran)","20","V\u002FV",{"name":83,"latexOrText":84,"description":85,"variables":86},"Çıkış kuplajı kesim frekansı","f_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R_L C_1}","Hoparlör saf 8 Ω'luk bir direnç kabul edildiğinde, C1 ve hoparlörün sinyali zayıflattığı (−3 dB) frekansın altı.",[87,92,97],{"symbol":88,"name":89,"typicalValue":90,"unit":91},"R_L","Hoparlör empedansı","8","Ω",{"symbol":93,"name":94,"typicalValue":95,"unit":96},"C_1","Çıkış kuplaj kondansatörü","250","µF",{"symbol":98,"name":99,"typicalValue":100,"unit":101},"f_c","Kesim frekansı (hesaplanan)","80","Hz",{"name":103,"latexOrText":104,"description":105,"variables":106},"Çıkış öngerilim gerilimi","V_{OUT(DC)} \\approx \\frac{V_S}{2}","Çıkış kendini besleme geriliminin yaklaşık yarısına öngerilimler; C1 bu DC seviyenin hoparlöre geçmesini engeller.",[107,112],{"symbol":108,"name":109,"typicalValue":110,"unit":111},"V_S","Besleme gerilimi","9","V",{"symbol":113,"name":103,"typicalValue":114,"unit":111},"V_{OUT(DC)}","4.5",[116,125,131,138,145,150,156],{"refDes":117,"componentName":118,"value":119,"package":120,"quantity":121,"componentSlug":122,"role":123,"notes":124},"U1","Düşük gerilimli ses güç amplifikatörü","LM386N-1","PDIP-8",1,"lm386","Güç amplifikatörü, kazanç 20","TI LM386N-1\u002FNOPB. LM386N-3 ve LM386N-4 aynı pin dizilimine sahiptir ancak besleme ve çıkış gücü değerleri farklıdır.",{"refDes":126,"componentName":127,"value":128,"package":129,"quantity":121,"role":130},"RV1","Döner potansiyometre","10kΩ","Panel \u002F PCB mount","Ses kontrolü ve giriş zayıflatıcısı",{"refDes":132,"componentName":133,"value":134,"package":135,"quantity":121,"role":136,"notes":137},"C1","Alüminyum elektrolitik kondansatör","250µF","Radial","Çıkışın hoparlöre kuplajı","Veri sayfası değeri. En yakın yaygın değer 220 µF'tır ve hesaplanan kesim frekansını yaklaşık 90 Hz'e taşır. Nominal gerilim beslemenin üzerinde; + ucu 5 numaralı pine.",{"refDes":139,"componentName":140,"value":141,"package":142,"quantity":121,"role":143,"notes":144},"C2","Seramik veya film kondansatör","0.05µF","Radial \u002F 0805","Çıkış RC devresi","Veri sayfası değeri; en yakın yaygın değer 47 nF'tır.",{"refDes":146,"componentName":147,"value":148,"package":149,"quantity":121,"role":143},"R1","1\u002F4 W direnç","10Ω","Axial \u002F 0805",{"refDes":151,"componentName":152,"value":153,"package":154,"quantity":121,"role":33,"notes":155},"LS1","Hoparlör","8Ω","Wired","TI Tablo 9-1'e göre 4 Ω ile 32 Ω arası.",{"refDes":157,"componentName":158,"value":159,"package":160,"quantity":121,"role":161,"notes":162},"BT1","9 V pil","9V","PP3 \u002F 6LR61","Besleme","5 V ile 12 V arası herhangi bir besleme (TI Tablo 9-1).",{"BT1":164,"RV1":170,"U1":177,"C1":185,"C2":193,"R1":200,"LS1":206},{"refDes":157,"name":158,"value":159,"role":161,"description":165,"footprint":166,"specs":167},"6 numaralı pindeki VS'yi besler. 9 V, LM386N-1'in 4 V ile 12 V arasındaki çalışma aralığında ve veri sayfası tasarım tablosundaki 5 V – 12 V aralığındadır.","PP3 \u002F 6LR61 battery clip",{"Nominal gerilim":168,"LM386N-1 besleme aralığı":169},"9 V","4 V – 12 V (TI §6.5)",{"refDes":126,"name":171,"value":128,"role":172,"description":173,"footprint":174,"specs":175},"Ses potansiyometresi","Giriş zayıflatıcısı","Giriş ile toprak arasına bağlıdır; sürgüsü giriş sinyalinin ne kadarının 3 numaralı pine ulaşacağını, dolayısıyla ses seviyesini belirler. Ayrıca 3 numaralı pini ±0,4 V giriş aralığında tutar.","Rotary, panel or PCB mount",{"Direnç":176},"10 kΩ (TI Şekil 9-1)",{"refDes":117,"name":178,"value":119,"role":123,"description":179,"componentSlug":122,"footprint":120,"specs":180},"LM386 ses güç amplifikatörü","1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boştayken dahili 1,35 kΩ'luk direnç gerilim kazancını 20'ye (26 dB) ayarlar. Girişler toprağa referanslıdır ve çıkış kendini beslemenin yarısına öngerilimler. 2 numaralı pin toprağa bağlıdır; 7 numaralı pin (BYPASS), veri sayfası devresindeki gibi boşta bırakılmıştır.",{"Gerilim kazancı":181,"Boşta akım":182,"Çıkış gücü":183,"Giriş gerilimi":184},"20 (26 dB), 1 ve 8 numaralı pinler boşta","VS = 6 V'ta tipik 4 mA, en fazla 8 mA (TI §6.5)","VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = %10'da tipik 325 mW (LM386N-1)","−0,4 V ile +0,4 V",{"refDes":132,"name":94,"value":134,"role":186,"description":187,"footprint":188,"specs":189},"Çıkıştaki DC öngerilimin hoparlöre geçmesini engeller","Çıkış besleme geriliminin yaklaşık yarısındadır. C1 ses sinyalini hoparlöre geçirir ve bu DC seviyeyi engeller; 8 Ω'luk hoparlörle hesaplanan alt kesim frekansını yaklaşık 80 Hz yapar. Artı ucu 5 numaralı pine bakar.","Radial electrolytic",{"Kapasitans":190,"Kutup":191,"Nominal gerilim":192},"250 µF (TI Şekil 9-1)","+ ucu 5 numaralı pine","9 V beslemenin üzerinde",{"refDes":139,"name":194,"value":141,"role":195,"description":196,"footprint":197,"specs":198},"Çıkış devresi kondansatörü","Çıkışta seri RC devresi","R1 ile birlikte, TI'ın veri sayfasındaki uygulama devrelerinin çoğunda çıkışta kullandığı 5 numaralı pinden toprağa seri RC devresini oluşturur.","Ceramic or film",{"Kapasitans":199},"0,05 µF (50 nF) (TI Şekil 9-1)",{"refDes":146,"name":201,"value":148,"role":195,"description":202,"footprint":203,"specs":204},"Çıkış devresi direnci","C2 ile birlikte 5 numaralı pinden toprağa giden seri RC devresini oluşturur. Yüksek frekanslarda çıkışa yaklaşık 10 Ω'luk bir yük sağlar.","Axial 1\u002F4 W",{"Direnç":205},"10 Ω (TI Şekil 9-1)",{"refDes":151,"name":152,"value":153,"role":33,"description":207,"footprint":208,"specs":209},"C1 ile toprak arasında 8 Ω'luk hoparlör. Veri sayfasının tasarım tabloları 4 Ω ile 32 Ω arası yükler verir; önerilen en düşük hoparlör empedansı 4 Ω'dur.","Wired speaker",{"Empedans":210,"İzin verilen aralık":211},"8 Ω","4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI Tablo 9-1)",{"schemaVersion":213,"id":214,"meta":215,"components":222,"nets":316,"junctions":381,"netLabels":387,"wires":388},"1.5","lm386_gain_20",{"title":216,"locale":217,"grid":218,"source":219},"LM386 ses amplifikatörü, kazanç 20","tr",20,{"type":220,"ref":221,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments LM386 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier, SNAS545D, revised August 2023: §9.2.1 Figure 9-1 \"LM386 with Gain = 20\" (p. 10), Table 9-1; §6 (pp. 4–5); §10 (p. 17). Adaptation: 9 V battery as the supply (Table 9-1: 5 V to 12 V), 8 Ω speaker (Table 9-1: 4 Ω to 32 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besleme kolu, ses seviyesi kontrolü ve 9 v pille çalışan 8 ω hoparlör içeren lm386 bas güçlendirme devresi.\nlm386 audio amplifier with bass boost\nti figure 9-9 redrawn as an editable lm386 bass-boost amplifier: a 10 kω and 33 nf feedback branch, volume control and an 8 ω speaker powered from a 9 v battery.\naudio_amplifiers\ndüşük gerilimli ses güç amplifikatörü\nlm386n-1\nu1\ndöner potansiyometre\n10kω\nrv1\nalüminyum elektrolitik kondansatör\n250µf\nc1\nseramik veya film kondansatör\n0.05µf\nc2\n1\u002F4 w direnç\n10ω\nr1\nhoparlör\n8ω\nls1\n9 v pil\n9v\nbt1\ngeri besleme direnci\n10kω\nr2\ngeri besleme kondansatörü\n0.033µf\nc3",{"slug":532,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":533,"voltageSpecification":535,"signalDomain":525,"breadboardFriendly":538,"title":539,"shortDescription":540,"bomCount":528,"formulaCount":541,"search":542},"ne5532-ultra-low-noise-inverting-mic-preamp",[521,534],"dual_rail",{"kind":523,"value":536,"label":537},"±15 V simetrik regüle besleme (±3 V ila ±20 V)","Besleme Gerilim Hatları (V+ \u002F V-)",false,"NE5532 Ultra Düşük Gürültülü Eviren Mikrofon Ön Yükselteci","Texas Instruments NE5532 işlemsel yükselteci tabanlı, +33.4 dB kapalı çevrim kazancına, DC giriş bloklamasına ve yüksek frekans faz kompanzasyonuna sahip tek kanallı ultra düşük gürültülü eviren ses ön yükselteci.",4,"ne5532 ultra düşük gürültülü eviren mikrofon ön yükselteci\ntexas instruments ne5532 işlemsel yükselteci tabanlı, +33.4 db kapalı çevrim kazancına, dc giriş bloklamasına ve yüksek frekans faz kompanzasyonuna sahip tek kanallı ultra düşük gürültülü eviren ses ön yükselteci.\nne5532 ultra düşük gürültülü eviren mikrofon ön yükselteci\ntexas instruments ne5532 işlemsel yükselteci tabanlı, +33.4 db kapalı çevrim kazancına, dc giriş bloklamasına ve yüksek frekans faz kompanzasyonuna sahip tek kanallı ultra düşük gürültülü eviren ses ön yükselteci.\nne5532 ultra-low-noise inverting microphone preamplifier\nsingle-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the texas instruments ne5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 db closed-loop gain, input dc blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.\naudio_amplifiers\nçift düşük gürültülü yüksek hızlı ses i̇şlemsel yükselteci\nne5532p\nu1\ngiriş seri direnci\n1kω\nr1\nkapalı çevrim geri besleme direnci\n47kω\nr2\nevirmeyen giriş dc polarma direnci\n1kω\nr3\nçıkış kablosu yalıtım direnci\n47ω\nr4\ngiriş ac kuplaj kapasitörü\n10µf\nc1\ngeri besleme faz kompanzasyon kapasitörü\n47pf\nc2\nevirmeyen polarma ac baypas kapasitörü\n10µf\nc3\nçıkış ac kuplaj kapasitörü\n10µf\nc6",{"slug":544,"cluster":545,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":546,"voltageSpecification":548,"signalDomain":551,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":552,"shortDescription":553,"bomCount":554,"formulaCount":541,"search":555},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[547,520,521],"3.3v",{"kind":523,"value":549,"label":550},"+12.0 V DC nominal (+10.8 V ila +13.2 V çalışma aralığı)","Röle Besleme Gerilimi (VLOAD)","digital","1N4007 Sönümleme Diyotlu 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A NPN BJT Röle Sürücüsü","3.3V\u002F5V MCU kontrolü için 1N4007 flyback sönümleme diyotu, beyz doyum sürmesi ve besleme dekuplajına sahip ayrık NPN transistörlü alçak taraf 12V röle sürücü devresi.",7,"1n4007 sönümleme diyotlu 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt röle sürücüsü\n3.3v\u002F5v mcu kontrolü için 1n4007 flyback sönümleme diyotu, beyz doyum sürmesi ve besleme dekuplajına sahip ayrık npn transistörlü alçak taraf 12v röle sürücü devresi.\n1n4007 sönümleme diyotlu 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt röle sürücüsü\n3.3v\u002F5v mcu kontrolü için 1n4007 flyback sönümleme diyotu, beyz doyum sürmesi ve besleme dekuplajına sahip ayrık npn transistörlü alçak taraf 12v röle sürücü devresi.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 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