[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":774},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:uln2003a-7-channel-relay-solenoid-driver:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":735,"localizationFallbackIssues":736,"related":737,"confirmations":736},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":56,"formulas":75,"bom":148,"interactiveElements":194,"circuitJson":310,"svg":730,"relatedSchematicSlugs":731,"relatedComponentSlugs":734},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Texas Instruments SLRS027P Rev. P; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Fuln2003a.pdf","uln2003a-7-channel-relay-solenoid-driver","ULN2003A 7-Channel Relay & Solenoid Inductive Load Driver","microcontroller_interfaces","Tier 1","Texas Instruments ULN2003A 7-channel Darlington transistor sink driver circuit for 12V relays, solenoids, and stepper coils with internal inductive flyback clamp diodes and decoupling.","The ULN2003A 7-channel relay and solenoid driver circuit provides a robust, multi-channel low-side sinking interface between low-power digital microcontrollers (such as 5.0 V AVR or 3.3 V ARM\u002FESP systems) and high-current inductive actuators (such as 12 V electromechanical relays, pneumatic solenoid valves, and unipolar stepper coils).\n\nAt the core of the circuit is the Texas Instruments ULN2003A Darlington transistor array, containing seven monolithic NPN Darlington pairs in a 16-pin package. Each Darlington pair comprises two cascaded bipolar transistors with an integrated base-emitter shunt resistor network (2.7 kΩ input series resistor and 7.2 kΩ total base-to-emitter bleeders). This dual-transistor configuration yields extremely high DC current gain (hFE typically 1000 to 5000), allowing microampere-level logic gate currents to reliably saturate collector currents up to 500 mA.\n\nWhen a logic HIGH voltage (+5.0 V) is applied to any input port (P_IN1 through P_IN4), current flows through the integrated 2.7 kΩ base resistor into the input transistor of the Darlington pair. Both the driver and output power transistors turn on into hard saturation, pulling the corresponding open-collector output pin (1C through 4C) down toward ground with a typical saturation voltage of VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1 V at 200 mA (up to 1.6 V at 350 mA). This energizes the connected relay coil (L1, L2) or solenoid (L3, L4), establishing stable magnetic flux and mechanical actuation.\n\nCrucially, electromechanical relays and solenoids store substantial magnetic energy in their inductive windings (E = 1\u002F2 * L * I^2). When an input pin transitions to logic LOW (0 V), the Darlington pair abruptly cuts off. In accordance with Faraday-Lenz law (V = -L * dI\u002Fdt), the collapsing magnetic field generates a severe negative voltage spike at the open collector, which could instantly exceed 100 V and destroy the output transistor junction. The ULN2003A integrates an internal freewheeling clamp diode for every channel, with all cathodes tied to Pin 9 (COM). By connecting Pin 9 directly to the +12 V load supply rail, any inductive flyback transient exceeding (+12 V + VF ≈ 13.2 V) immediately forward-biases the internal clamp diode, circulating the discharge current harmlessly through the coil until its field decays.\n\nPower supply stability is safeguarded by high-frequency ceramic capacitor C1 (100 nF) and bulk aluminum electrolytic reservoir capacitor C2 (100 µF) placed directly at the load supply rail. C1 suppresses sharp dI\u002Fdt switching noise and radio-frequency resonance, while C2 absorbs high-current inrush transients caused by simultaneous relay and solenoid armature pull-in.","The ULN2003A 7-channel inductive load driver operates across five distinct electrical and magnetic stages:\n\n1. **Logic Input Assertion & Darlington Base Conduction:** When the host controller drives an input port (e.g., P_IN1) HIGH (+5.0 V), current enters Pin 1 through the internal 2.7 kΩ series resistor. The voltage exceeds the dual base-emitter turn-on threshold (VBE1 + VBE2 ≈ 1.4 V), supplying ~1.3 mA of base current to the input transistor. The composite Darlington pair rapidly switches into active conduction.\n\n2. **Inductive Coil Energization & Low-Side Sinking:** The output transistor saturates, pulling Pin 16 (1C) down to VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1 V relative to ground (Pin 8). The relay coil L1 sees an effective differential voltage of VCC - VCE(sat) ≈ 12 V - 1.1 V = 10.9 V. Current builds exponentially according to i(t) = (V\u002FR) * (1 - e^(-t \u002F tau)), where tau = L \u002F R, until full magnetic pull-in armature threshold is reached.\n\n3. **Steady-State Saturation & Package Power Dissipation:** During continuous coil energization, current stabilizes at IC = (VCC - VCE(sat)) \u002F R_coil. The Darlington pair dissipates electrical power PD = VCE(sat) * IC + VIN * IIN. With four channels energized at 150 mA each, total internal dissipation remains well within the 1.0 W thermal budget of the PDIP-16 package (junction-to-ambient thermal resistance R_thetaJA = 67 °C\u002FW).\n\n4. **Input Cut-Off & Inductive Field Collapse (Flyback Clamping):** When the input pin returns to logic LOW (0 V), base drive collapses. The Darlington pair switches OFF in under 0.5 µs. The sudden interruption of coil current causes an immediate inductive kickback (V_L = -L * dI\u002Fdt). The collector voltage flies above the +12 V supply rail until the internal clamp diode forward-biases at V_clamp = VCC + VF ≈ 12 V + 1.2 V = 13.2 V. The stored energy (E = 1\u002F2 * L * I^2) circulates through the diode loop, safely converting into heat within the coil winding resistance.\n\n5. **Supply Rail Decoupling & Ground Return Balancing:** As coils cycle on and off, switching transients generate localized dI\u002Fdt noise on the +12 V bus. Ceramic capacitor C1 (100 nF) shunts high-frequency spikes directly to ground, while electrolytic capacitor C2 (100 µF) provides local charge storage, preventing supply dips from resetting sensitive logic microcontrollers.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Nominal Supply Voltage (VCC)","+12.0 V DC (operating range +4.5 V to +50 V DC)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Operating Logic Level","+5.0 V DC TTL\u002FCMOS (+3.3 V compatible with de-rated sink current)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Continuous Collector Sink Current","500 mA peak, 350 mA continuous per channel",{"label":36,"value":37},"Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage (VCE(BR))","50 V DC minimum across operating temperature range",{"label":39,"value":40},"Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage (VCE(sat))","1.1 V typical at IC = 200 mA; 1.6 V max at IC = 350 mA",{"label":42,"value":43},"Clamp Diode Maximum Continuous Forward Current","500 mA (matches channel collector sink rating)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Clamp Diode Reverse Breakdown Voltage","50 V DC minimum",{"label":48,"value":49},"Package Power Dissipation Limit (PD)","1.0 W (PDIP-16 at TA \u003C= 25 °C, de-rate 8.0 mW\u002F°C above 25 °C)",[51,52,53,54,55],"Multi-channel 12V electromechanical relay bank control from microcontrollers (Arduino, STM32, PIC, ESP32)","Pneumatic and hydraulic 12V \u002F 24V solenoid valve sequencing in automated fluidics","Unipolar stepper motor 4-phase coil excitation (e.g. 28BYJ-48 5V\u002F12V stepper motors)","High-current LED matrix and multi-digit 7-segment display low-side segment sinking","DC brush motor unidirectional on\u002Foff switching and low-frequency PWM speed control",[57,62,67,71],{"title":58,"trap":59,"solution":60,"severity":61},"Floating COM Pin Destroys Output Transistors","Leaving Pin 9 (COM) unconnected completely isolates the internal clamp diodes from the load power rail. When any relay or solenoid turns off, inductive kickback spikes exceed 50V and instantly cause avalanche breakdown and collector-emitter short circuits.","Always connect Pin 9 (COM) directly to the +12V positive load power supply rail feeding the relay and solenoid coils. Keep decoupling capacitors close to minimize lead inductance.","critical",{"title":63,"trap":64,"solution":65,"severity":66},"Darlington Saturation Drop (1.1V to 1.6V) Reduces Coil Voltage","Unlike low-RDS(on) power MOSFETs, the Darlington configuration inherently drops VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1V to 1.6V across its collector-emitter terminals. A 12V relay receives only 10.4V to 10.9V across its winding, which can cause intermittent pull-in failure if the power supply droops.","Verify that the relay or solenoid minimum pickup voltage (typically 70% to 80% of nominal) is guaranteed at 10.5V, or compensate the external power supply to +12.5V.","warning",{"title":68,"trap":69,"solution":70,"severity":61},"Cumulative Package Ground Current Exceeds 2.5A Pin Limit","Although individual channels are rated for 500mA peak, energizing all seven channels simultaneously at 500mA demands 3.5A through Pin 8 (E), destroying the package internal bond wire and violating the 1.0W thermal envelope.","Limit total simultaneous ground current through Pin 8 to \u003C= 1.5A to 2.0A. When driving heavy continuous loads, stagger activation intervals or distribute loads across multiple driver ICs.",{"title":72,"trap":73,"solution":74,"severity":66},"Direct 3.3V Logic Drive Margin Reduction","The internal 2.7 kΩ base resistor is optimized for 5.0V TTL\u002FCMOS drive. Driving inputs directly from a 3.3V microcontroller (e.g. ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico) delivers only ~0.7mA base current, reducing maximum saturation sink capability to ~200mA per channel.","For coil loads exceeding 200mA driven from 3.3V logic, parallel two adjacent driver channels (both inputs and outputs tied together) or use the low-voltage ULN2003LV \u002F active MOSFET driver.",[76,100,116,133],{"name":77,"latexOrText":78,"description":79,"variables":80},"Relay Coil Saturated Pull-In Current","I_C = \\frac{V_{CC} - V_{CE(sat)}}{R_{coil}}","Calculates the steady-state collector sinking current flowing through an energized relay or solenoid coil, taking into account the non-negligible Darlington saturation voltage drop.",[81,86,91,95],{"symbol":82,"name":83,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"I_C","Collector Sink Current","150","mA",{"symbol":87,"name":88,"typicalValue":89,"unit":90},"V_{CC}","Load Supply Rail Voltage","12.0","V",{"symbol":92,"name":93,"typicalValue":94,"unit":90},"V_{CE(sat)}","Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage","1.1",{"symbol":96,"name":97,"typicalValue":98,"unit":99},"R_{coil}","Relay Coil DC Winding Resistance","72","Ω",{"name":101,"latexOrText":102,"description":103,"variables":104},"Stored Inductive Energy","E_L = \\frac{1}{2} L \\cdot I_C^2","Calculates the total magnetic energy stored inside the relay or solenoid winding that must be safely clamped and dissipated by the freewheeling diode network at turn-off.",[105,110,114],{"symbol":106,"name":107,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"E_L","Stored Magnetic Energy","1.69","mJ",{"symbol":111,"name":112,"typicalValue":84,"unit":113},"L","Coil Inductance","mH",{"symbol":82,"name":115,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"Steady-State Coil Current",{"name":117,"latexOrText":118,"description":119,"variables":120},"Flyback Clamp Diode Dissipation","P_{clamp} = E_L \\cdot f_{switch} = \\frac{1}{2} L \\cdot I_C^2 \\cdot f_{switch}","Determines the average thermal power dissipated inside the internal clamp diode when switching inductive loads at recurring operational frequencies.",[121,126,128],{"symbol":122,"name":123,"typicalValue":124,"unit":125},"P_{clamp}","Average Clamp Power Dissipation","16.9","mW",{"symbol":106,"name":127,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"Stored Magnetic Energy per Pulse",{"symbol":129,"name":130,"typicalValue":131,"unit":132},"f_{switch}","Switching \u002F Actuation Frequency","10","Hz",{"name":134,"latexOrText":135,"description":136,"variables":137},"Total Package Power Dissipation","P_D = \\sum_{k=1}^{n} \\left( V_{CE(sat),k} \\cdot I_{C,k} \\cdot D_k + V_{IN,k} \\cdot I_{IN,k} \\cdot D_k \\right)","Computes total thermal dissipation across all active channels to ensure the internal junction temperature does not exceed the absolute maximum rating of 150 °C.",[138,141,142,144],{"symbol":139,"name":134,"typicalValue":140,"unit":125},"P_D","660",{"symbol":92,"name":93,"typicalValue":94,"unit":90},{"symbol":82,"name":143,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"Channel Collector Current",{"symbol":145,"name":146,"typicalValue":5,"unit":147},"D","Channel Duty Cycle","ratio",[149,158,165,169,176,180,187],{"refDes":150,"componentName":151,"value":152,"package":153,"quantity":154,"componentSlug":155,"role":156,"notes":157},"U1","7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array IC","ULN2003A","PDIP-16",1,"uln2003a","Multi-Channel Inductive Low-Side Sink Driver","Texas Instruments ULN2003AN; 50V \u002F 500mA per channel, internal clamp diodes with common cathode (COM).",{"refDes":159,"componentName":160,"value":161,"package":162,"quantity":154,"role":163,"notes":164},"L1","Miniature 12V SPDT Electromechanical Relay 1","Omron G5V-1-DC12","DIP-6","Inductive Relay Load Channel 1","Omron Electronic Components G5V-1-DC12; 12V DC coil, 960 Ω nominal resistance (~12.5 mA pull-in current), 1A contact rating.",{"refDes":166,"componentName":167,"value":161,"package":162,"quantity":154,"role":168,"notes":164},"L2","Miniature 12V SPDT Electromechanical Relay 2","Inductive Relay Load Channel 2",{"refDes":170,"componentName":171,"value":172,"package":173,"quantity":154,"role":174,"notes":175},"L3","12V DC Linear Push-Pull Solenoid Actuator 1","JF-0530B-12V","Chassis Mount \u002F Flying Leads","Inductive Solenoid Load Channel 3","12V DC open-frame solenoid actuator; ~40 Ω coil resistance (~300 mA continuous holding current, 5N stroke force).",{"refDes":177,"componentName":178,"value":172,"package":173,"quantity":154,"role":179,"notes":175},"L4","12V DC Linear Push-Pull Solenoid Actuator 2","Inductive Solenoid Load Channel 4",{"refDes":181,"componentName":182,"value":183,"package":184,"quantity":154,"role":185,"notes":186},"C1","Multilayer Ceramic Decoupling Capacitor","100nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Load Power Rail High-Frequency Bypass","KEMET C320C104K5R5TA; 100nF 50V X7R ceramic, shunts high dI\u002Fdt switching transients directly at U1 Pin 9 (COM).",{"refDes":188,"componentName":189,"value":190,"package":191,"quantity":154,"role":192,"notes":193},"C2","Aluminum Electrolytic Bulk Reservoir Capacitor","100µF","Radial 6.3x11mm","Load Power Rail Bulk Reservoir","Nichicon UVR1E101MDD; 100µF 25V radial electrolytic, absorbs solenoid inrush currents and eliminates voltage droop.",{"U1":195,"P_IN1":206,"P_IN2":217,"P_IN3":224,"P_IN4":231,"P_VLOAD":238,"L1":248,"L2":258,"L3":264,"L4":273,"C1":278,"C2":286,"GND1":294,"GND2":303},{"refDes":150,"name":196,"value":152,"role":197,"description":198,"componentSlug":155,"footprint":199,"specs":200},"ULN2003A 7-Channel Darlington Transistor Array","Multi-Channel Low-Side Inductive Load Sink Driver","Seven monolithic 50V\u002F500mA NPN Darlington transistor pairs with integral base resistors and common-cathode flyback clamp diodes.","PDIP-16 \u002F SOIC-16",{"Channels":201,"Max Collector Voltage (VCE)":202,"Max Collector Current (IC)":203,"Saturation Voltage (VCE(sat))":204,"Integrated Clamp Diodes":205},"7 independent low-side sinks","50 V DC","500 mA peak, 350 mA continuous","1.1 V typical at 200 mA","7x common-cathode to Pin 9 (COM)",{"refDes":207,"name":208,"value":209,"role":210,"description":211,"footprint":212,"specs":213},"P_IN1","Logic Input 1 (Relay 1 Control)","IN1","Channel 1 Digital Drive Port","5V TTL\u002FCMOS active-high digital logic input driving Darlington channel 1 (Pin 1 to Pin 16).","2.54mm Pin Header",{"Input Voltage (VI)":214,"Internal Series Resistor":215,"Nominal Input Current":216},"+5.0 V nominal (active-high)","2.7 kΩ","1.3 mA at 5.0 V",{"refDes":218,"name":219,"value":220,"role":221,"description":222,"footprint":212,"specs":223},"P_IN2","Logic Input 2 (Relay 2 Control)","IN2","Channel 2 Digital Drive Port","5V TTL\u002FCMOS active-high digital logic input driving Darlington channel 2 (Pin 2 to Pin 15).",{"Input Voltage (VI)":214,"Internal Series Resistor":215,"Nominal Input Current":216},{"refDes":225,"name":226,"value":227,"role":228,"description":229,"footprint":212,"specs":230},"P_IN3","Logic Input 3 (Solenoid 1 Control)","IN3","Channel 3 Digital Drive Port","5V TTL\u002FCMOS active-high digital logic input driving Darlington channel 3 (Pin 3 to Pin 14).",{"Input Voltage (VI)":214,"Internal Series Resistor":215,"Nominal Input Current":216},{"refDes":232,"name":233,"value":234,"role":235,"description":236,"footprint":212,"specs":237},"P_IN4","Logic Input 4 (Solenoid 2 Control)","IN4","Channel 4 Digital Drive Port","5V TTL\u002FCMOS active-high digital logic input driving Darlington channel 4 (Pin 4 to Pin 13).",{"Input Voltage (VI)":214,"Internal Series Resistor":215,"Nominal Input Current":216},{"refDes":239,"name":240,"value":241,"role":242,"description":243,"footprint":244,"specs":245},"P_VLOAD","+12V DC Load Power Rail","+12V","Main Inductive Actuator Supply Input","External +12V DC power rail supplying energization current to relay coils, solenoids, and the flyback clamp cathode bus.","5.08mm Screw Terminal \u002F DC Jack",{"Nominal Voltage":246,"Recommended Current":247},"+12.0 V DC","2.0 A minimum capacity",{"refDes":159,"name":249,"value":250,"role":251,"description":252,"footprint":253,"specs":254},"12V DC Electromechanical Relay 1 Coil","RELAY 1 (12V)","Inductive Relay Actuator 1","Subminiature SPDT relay coil energized when Channel 1 is driven HIGH.","DIP-6 Through-Hole",{"Rated Coil Voltage":255,"Coil Resistance":256,"Nominal Current":257},"12 V DC","960 Ω","12.5 mA",{"refDes":166,"name":259,"value":260,"role":261,"description":262,"footprint":253,"specs":263},"12V DC Electromechanical Relay 2 Coil","RELAY 2 (12V)","Inductive Relay Actuator 2","Subminiature SPDT relay coil energized when Channel 2 is driven HIGH.",{"Rated Coil Voltage":255,"Coil Resistance":256,"Nominal Current":257},{"refDes":170,"name":265,"value":266,"role":267,"description":268,"footprint":269,"specs":270},"12V DC Linear Solenoid Actuator 1","SOLENOID 1 (12V)","High-Current Inductive Actuator 1","12V DC pull-type tubular or open-frame solenoid actuator for linear mechanical positioning.","Chassis Mount \u002F Lead Wires",{"Rated Voltage":255,"Coil Resistance":271,"Nominal Holding Current":272},"40 Ω","300 mA",{"refDes":177,"name":274,"value":275,"role":276,"description":268,"footprint":269,"specs":277},"12V DC Linear Solenoid Actuator 2","SOLENOID 2 (12V)","High-Current Inductive Actuator 2",{"Rated Voltage":255,"Coil Resistance":271,"Nominal Holding Current":272},{"refDes":181,"name":279,"value":183,"role":280,"description":281,"footprint":282,"specs":283},"High-Frequency Ceramic Bypass Capacitor","High-Frequency Rail Decoupling","100 nF 50V X7R multilayer ceramic capacitor bypassing high dI\u002Fdt switching transients on the clamp bus.","0805 \u002F Radial 5.08mm",{"Capacitance":284,"Voltage Rating":202,"Dielectric":285},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","X7R 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mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\nbulk aluminum electrolytic decoupling\n47µf 25v\nc2",{"slug":755,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":756,"voltageSpecification":757,"signalDomain":748,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":760,"shortDescription":761,"bomCount":762,"formulaCount":752,"search":763},"bss138-bidirectional-i2c-level-shifter",[741,742],{"kind":745,"value":758,"label":759},"+3.3 V DC nominal (+1.65 V to +3.6 V operating range)","Low-Voltage Supply (VDD1)","BSS138 Bidirectional I2C 3.3V to 5V Level Shifter","Bidirectional I2C bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3V and 5V logic domains using two onsemi BSS138 N-channel MOSFETs with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.",8,"bss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq1\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr1\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr3\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr4\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc1\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc2",{"slug":765,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":766,"voltageSpecification":767,"signalDomain":748,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":770,"shortDescription":771,"bomCount":762,"formulaCount":772,"search":773},"esp32-auto-reset-flashing-circuit",[741],{"kind":768,"value":769,"label":30},"logic","3.3 V (VDD33 on the DevKitC V4)","ESP32 Auto-Reset & Boot Flashing Circuit","Dual-transistor auto-download circuit driving ESP32 EN and IO0 boot strapping pins via USB-to-UART DTR and RTS lines.",3,"esp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nesp32 auto-reset & boot flashing circuit\ndual-transistor auto-download circuit driving esp32 en and io0 boot strapping pins via usb-to-uart dtr and rts lines.\nesp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nnpn small-signal transistor\n2n3904\nq1\nnpn small-signal transistor\n2n3904\nq2\nresistor\n10kω\nr1\nresistor\n10kω\nr2\nresistor\n10kω\nr3\nceramic capacitor\n1µf\nc1\ntactile switch\nboot\nsw1\ntactile switch\nen\nsw2",1793836435184]