[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":550},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:pc817-optocoupler-isolated-logic-interface:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":512,"localizationFallbackIssues":513,"related":514,"confirmations":513},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":53,"gotchas":59,"formulas":78,"bom":164,"interactiveElements":193,"circuitJson":275,"svg":507,"relatedSchematicSlugs":508,"relatedComponentSlugs":511},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Sharp Corporation D2-A03101EN; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fglobal.sharp\u002Fproducts\u002Fdevice\u002Flineup\u002Fdata\u002Fpdf\u002Fdatasheet\u002Fpc817xxnsz1b_e.pdf","pc817-optocoupler-isolated-logic-interface","PC817 Optocoupler Galvanically Isolated Logic Interface","microcontroller_interfaces","Tier 1","Sharp PC817 4-pin phototransistor optocoupler circuit providing 5000 Vrms galvanic isolation between field digital inputs and sensitive microcontroller logic with antiparallel reverse protection and passive collector pull-up.","The PC817 optocoupler isolated logic interface provides robust, unidirectional galvanic isolation between noisy or high-voltage external field circuits (such as 24 V industrial automation PLCs, long sensor lines, and motor encoders) and sensitive 3.3 V or 5.0 V microcontroller logic systems.\n\nInside the compact 4-pin DIP-4 package, electrical isolation is achieved by transmitting signals optically across a transparent internal silicone dielectric barrier capable of withstanding 5000 Vrms. An input gallium arsenide (GaAs) infrared emitting diode (IRED) with a forward drop of VF ≈ 1.2 V emits light proportional to the forward current IF set by input series resistor R1. Photons traverse the isolation gap and illuminate the base region of a high-voltage NPN silicon phototransistor (VCEO = 80 V).\n\nWhen a logic HIGH voltage is applied at the input port P_IN, forward current IF flows through R1 and the IRED to the field ground GND1. The emitted photons induce base photocurrent, driving the phototransistor into deep collector-emitter saturation (VCE(sat) ≤ 0.1 V to 0.2 V). This vigorously pulls the isolated output port P_OUT down to GND_ISO against collector pull-up resistor R2. When the input voltage drops below the IRED conduction threshold (VF ≈ 1.0 V), the diode turns off, base photocurrent ceases, and R2 pulls P_OUT cleanly up to VCC_ISO (+5.0 V). The circuit thus acts as an inverting digital isolator with sub-microsecond edge integrity.\n\nTo ensure extreme field durability, antiparallel high-speed diode D1 (1N4148) is connected directly across the IRED terminals. Because the internal GaAs emitter diode possesses a low reverse breakdown rating of VR = 6.0 V, inductive kickback, cable discharge, or reverse polarity wiring faults could otherwise cause destructive avalanche breakdown. Diode D1 safely clamps reverse voltage transients to approximately -0.7 V, preserving optocoupler health.\n\nBy physically and galvanically segregating the input return ground (GND1) from the isolated system ground (GND_ISO), this interface completely halts ground loops, rejects common-mode noise spikes (high dV\u002Fdt), and prevents hazardous ground voltage differentials from damaging digital host controllers.","The PC817 galvanically isolated logic interface operates through five sequential electrical and optical phases:\n\n1. **Input Signal Assertion & IRED Forward Biasing:** When the external controller or field sensor asserts a logic HIGH level (nominal +5.0 V) at input port P_IN, current flows through series metal-film current-limiting resistor R1 (390 Ω). Once the input voltage overcomes the GaAs diode forward knee (VF ≈ 1.2 V), forward current IF = (VIN - VF) \u002F R1 ≈ (5.0 V - 1.2 V) \u002F 390 Ω ≈ 9.74 mA establishes stable forward conduction.\n\n2. **Optical Photon Transmission Across Galvanic Barrier:** The forward current excites radiative recombination in the GaAs active region, producing infrared photons at a peak wavelength of approximately 940 nm. These photons traverse the transparent internal optical silicone barrier, maintaining complete electrical isolation with a continuous withstand rating of 5000 Vrms and typical coupling capacitance of only 0.6 pF.\n\n3. **Phototransistor Conduction & Collector Saturation:** Photons penetrating into the light-sensitive base of the NPN phototransistor generate electron-hole pairs, establishing base photocurrent Iph. With a minimum Current Transfer Ratio (CTR) of 80% to 160% (Rank A), the transistor provides ample collector sink current IC = IF × CTR ≈ 9.74 mA × 0.8 ≈ 7.8 mA of available sinking capability, vastly exceeding the ~1.04 mA demanded by pull-up resistor R2. This forces the phototransistor into hard saturation, driving collector voltage VCE down to VCE(sat) ≤ 0.1 V.\n\n4. **Output Pull-Up & Inverting Logic Restoration:** When the input signal transitions to logic LOW (0 V), forward current collapses to zero. Emitted photon flux ceases, and photocarriers in the base region recombine over the storage and fall time (ts + tf ≈ 3 μs to 5 μs). As the phototransistor turns off into high-impedance cutoff (collector dark current ICEO ≤ 100 nA), collector pull-up resistor R2 (4.7 kΩ) restores output port P_OUT up to the isolated supply rail VCC_ISO (+5.0 V).\n\n5. **Reverse Polarity Clamping & Transient Suppression:** During industrial line switching, cable disconnection, or inductive ringing, negative-going voltage spikes can appear across the input terminals. Because the internal GaAs emitter diode is rated for an absolute maximum reverse voltage of VR = 6.0 V, fast recovery diode D1 (1N4148) connected in antiparallel orientation conducts forward immediately when VIN drops below GND1, clamping reverse polarity transients to -0.7 V and preventing reverse junction breakdown.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47,50],{"label":27,"value":28},"Galvanic Isolation Voltage","5000 Vrms (1 min dielectric withstand)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Operating Logic Level","+5.0 V DC (scalable from 3.3 V to 24 V)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Nominal Isolated Supply Rail","+5.0 V DC (compatible with 3.3 V to 36 V)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Input Forward Current (IF)","9.74 mA nominal (at 5.0 V input)",{"label":39,"value":40},"Output Collector Current (IC)","1.04 mA in saturation",{"label":42,"value":43},"Current Transfer Ratio (CTR)","80% to 160% (Rank A at IF = 5 mA)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Collector-Emitter Breakdown (VCEO)","80 V DC minimum",{"label":48,"value":49},"Saturation Voltage (VCE(sat))","≤ 0.2 V max (0.1 V typical)",{"label":51,"value":52},"Response Switching Time (tr \u002F tf)","4 μs \u002F 3 μs typical (at RL = 100 Ω)",[54,55,56,57,58],"Galvanically isolated digital logic inputs for STM32, Arduino, ESP32, and Raspberry Pi GPIO","24 V DC industrial PLC digital I\u002FO interface modules and line receivers","Ground loop breaking in distributed sensor networks and motor control environments","Isolated contact closure, limit switch, and optical interrupter sensing","Mains AC zero-cross detection modules (downstream of bridge rectifier)",[60,65,70,74],{"title":61,"trap":62,"solution":63,"severity":64},"Bridging Galvanic Isolation Grounds on PCB Layout","Accidentally tying the input signal return ground (GND1) to the isolated microcontroller system ground (GND_ISO) on the PCB ground plane or power supply defeats the entire 5000 Vrms isolation barrier, allowing ground loops and high-voltage industrial surges to reach sensitive digital logic.","Maintain strict physical segregation on the PCB layout with a minimum 6.3 mm (or 8.0 mm for reinforced isolation) keepout creepage gap beneath the DIP-4 package, keeping all copper planes, vias, and traces separated between input and output domains.","critical",{"title":66,"trap":67,"solution":68,"severity":69},"Long-Term CTR Degradation and Temperature Derating","GaAs infrared emitter diodes suffer from gradual luminous flux degradation (typically 10% to 30% reduction over 5 to 10 years of continuous operation) and reduced efficiency at high operating temperatures (up to -0.5%\u002F°C), causing marginal circuits designed with 1:1 CTR to drop out of saturation.","Incorporate an overdrive safety margin factor of K_OD ≥ 2.0 to 3.0 when calculating R1 and R2, ensuring the minimum initial collector sinking capability exceeds the pull-up current by at least 200% across the operating temperature range.","warning",{"title":71,"trap":72,"solution":73,"severity":69},"Slow Turn-Off Delay with High Pull-Up Resistor Values","Selecting an excessively high collector pull-up resistor (such as R2 = 47 kΩ or 100 kΩ) to save power dramatically increases turn-off rise time (tf > 20 μs to 50 μs) due to phototransistor collector-base junction capacitance (Cob ≈ 10 pF) and stray PCB capacitance, corrupting fast serial data or PWM pulses.","Keep R2 between 2.2 kΩ and 4.7 kΩ for digital switching up to 20 kHz to 50 kHz. For higher baud rates (>100 kbps), use a high-speed digital isolator or add a buffer stage (e.g., 2N3904 or Schmitt trigger inverter).",{"title":75,"trap":76,"solution":77,"severity":64},"IRED Reverse Voltage Breakdown Without Antiparallel Diode","Connecting long field cables without an antiparallel clamp diode exposes the PC817 input LED to inductive spikes, ESD, or reverse cabling faults. Because GaAs LEDs have a fragile reverse breakdown rating of VR = 6.0 V, even brief negative transients cause irreversible degradation or short circuits.","Always populate fast recovery clamp diode D1 (1N4148) in antiparallel across PC817 pins 1 and 2, which conducts whenever input polarity reverses and clamps transient negative voltages to -0.7 V.",[79,103,131,147],{"name":80,"latexOrText":81,"description":82,"variables":83},"Input Forward Current","I_F = \\frac{V_{IN} - V_F}{R_1}","Calculates the forward drive current flowing through the internal GaAs infrared emitting diode from a logic HIGH input voltage, accounting for the 1.2 V diode forward voltage drop.",[84,89,94,98],{"symbol":85,"name":86,"typicalValue":87,"unit":88},"I_F","IRED forward current","9.74","mA",{"symbol":90,"name":91,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"V_{IN}","Input logic HIGH voltage","5.0","V",{"symbol":95,"name":96,"typicalValue":97,"unit":93},"V_F","GaAs LED forward voltage drop","1.2",{"symbol":99,"name":100,"typicalValue":101,"unit":102},"R_1","Input current-limiting resistor","390","Ω",{"name":104,"latexOrText":105,"description":106,"variables":107},"Required Current Transfer Ratio and Saturation Current","\\text{CTR}_{req} = \\frac{I_C}{I_F} \\times 100\\% = \\frac{V_{CC\\_ISO} - V_{CE(sat)}}{R_2 \\cdot I_F} \\times 100\\%","Determines the minimum Current Transfer Ratio required to sink the pull-up load current and pull the output down to VCE(sat), ensuring valid logic LOW detection.",[108,113,117,120,124,129],{"symbol":109,"name":110,"typicalValue":111,"unit":112},"\\text{CTR}_{req}","Required Current Transfer Ratio","10.7","%",{"symbol":114,"name":115,"typicalValue":116,"unit":88},"I_C","Collector pull-up sink current","1.04",{"symbol":118,"name":119,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"V_{CC\\_ISO}","Isolated supply voltage",{"symbol":121,"name":122,"typicalValue":123,"unit":93},"V_{CE(sat)}","Collector saturation voltage","0.1",{"symbol":125,"name":126,"typicalValue":127,"unit":128},"R_2","Collector pull-up resistor","4.7","kΩ",{"symbol":85,"name":130,"typicalValue":87,"unit":88},"IRED forward drive current",{"name":132,"latexOrText":133,"description":134,"variables":135},"Overdrive Saturation Margin Factor","K_{OD} = \\frac{\\text{CTR}_{min}}{\\text{CTR}_{req}}","Quantifies the safety factor by which the optocoupler's guaranteed minimum CTR exceeds the required saturation CTR, ensuring reliable operation over 10-year LED aging and elevated temperature.",[136,141,145],{"symbol":137,"name":138,"typicalValue":139,"unit":140},"K_{OD}","Overdrive safety margin factor","7.5","dimensionless",{"symbol":142,"name":143,"typicalValue":144,"unit":112},"\\text{CTR}_{min}","Datasheet minimum CTR (Rank A)","80",{"symbol":109,"name":146,"typicalValue":111,"unit":112},"Minimum CTR needed for saturation",{"name":148,"latexOrText":149,"description":150,"variables":151},"Estimated Switching Cut-Off Frequency","f_c \\approx \\frac{1}{2\\pi \\cdot R_2 \\cdot C_L}","Estimates the -3 dB switching frequency corner imposed by the collector pull-up resistor and total output nodal capacitance (phototransistor junction capacitance plus wiring capacitance).",[152,157,159],{"symbol":153,"name":154,"typicalValue":155,"unit":156},"f_c","Switching cut-off frequency","33.8","kHz",{"symbol":125,"name":158,"typicalValue":127,"unit":128},"Collector pull-up resistance",{"symbol":160,"name":161,"typicalValue":162,"unit":163},"C_L","Total output load capacitance","100","pF",[165,174,181,187],{"refDes":166,"componentName":167,"value":168,"package":169,"quantity":170,"componentSlug":171,"role":172,"notes":173},"U1","PC817X1NSZ0F","PC817","DIP-4",1,"pc817","Phototransistor Output Optocoupler (5000 Vrms isolation, Rank A CTR 80%..160%)","Sharp Corporation PC817X1NSZ0F 4-pin through-hole DIP package.",{"refDes":175,"componentName":176,"value":177,"package":178,"quantity":170,"role":179,"notes":180},"R1","MFR-25FRF52-390R","390 Ω","Axial 0207","Input IRED current-limiting resistor (IF ≈ 9.7 mA at 5.0 V IN)","Yageo 390 Ω 1% 250 mW metal film axial resistor.",{"refDes":182,"componentName":183,"value":183,"package":184,"quantity":170,"role":185,"notes":186},"D1","1N4148","DO-35","Antiparallel transient reverse protection clamp diode","onsemi 1N4148 100 V 200 mA 4 ns fast recovery diode.",{"refDes":188,"componentName":189,"value":190,"package":178,"quantity":170,"role":191,"notes":192},"R2","MFR-25FRF52-4K7","4.7 kΩ","Isolated collector pull-up load resistor","Yageo 4.7 kΩ 1% 250 mW metal film axial resistor.",{"P_IN":194,"R1":204,"D1":212,"U1":221,"GND1":230,"VCC1":239,"R2":249,"P_OUT":256,"GND2":266},{"refDes":195,"name":196,"value":197,"role":198,"description":199,"specs":200},"P_IN","Digital Logic Input Port","IN","Input logic signal port","Digital logic input from driving microcontroller, PLC, or external sensor, driving forward current through the PC817 GaAs infrared emitting diode.",{"Logic Voltage High":201,"Input Impedance":202,"Signal Polarity":203},"3.3 V to 24 V DC (nominal 5.0 V)","390 Ω (set by R1)","Active HIGH (turns phototransistor on, output pulls LOW)",{"refDes":175,"name":205,"value":177,"role":206,"description":207,"footprint":178,"specs":208},"IRED Current Limiting Resistor","GaAs IRED input current-limiting resistor","Establishes a forward current of IF ≈ 9.74 mA from a +5.0 V input signal across the 1.2 V GaAs infrared emitter, ensuring deep phototransistor saturation across all CTR bins.",{"Resistance":177,"Tolerance":209,"Power Rating":210,"Power Dissipation":211},"±1%","250 mW (1\u002F4 W)","37 mW (at 5.0 V IN)",{"refDes":182,"name":213,"value":183,"role":214,"description":215,"footprint":184,"specs":216},"Reverse Protection Diode","Antiparallel transient reverse protection diode","Clamps negative inductive transients, reverse polarity hookups, and ringing across the PC817 input terminals to -0.7 V, preventing destructive breakdown of the 6.0 V VR-rated IRED.",{"Peak Reverse Voltage":217,"Continuous Forward Current":218,"Reverse Recovery Time":219,"Forward Voltage":220},"100 V","200 mA","4 ns","0.7 V typ at 10 mA",{"refDes":166,"name":222,"value":168,"role":223,"description":224,"componentSlug":171,"footprint":169,"specs":225},"PC817 Optocoupler","Phototransistor output optocoupler","Provides 5000 Vrms galvanic isolation between the noisy field input domain and sensitive digital processing logic using an infrared LED optically coupled to an NPN phototransistor.",{"Isolation Voltage":226,"VCEO Breakdown":227,"CTR (Current Transfer Ratio)":43,"Collector Dark Current":228,"Cutoff Frequency":229},"5000 Vrms (1 min withstand)","80 V","100 nA max","80 kHz",{"refDes":231,"name":232,"value":233,"role":234,"description":235,"specs":236},"GND1","Input Field Ground","GND","Input domain signal ground","Reference ground for the input signal and protective clamp diode. Strictly separated from the isolated system ground to preserve the 5000 Vrms galvanic isolation barrier.",{"Ground Domain":237,"Isolation Stand-off":238},"Field \u002F Input Domain","5000 Vrms to GND_ISO",{"refDes":240,"name":241,"value":242,"role":243,"description":244,"specs":245},"VCC1","Isolated Supply Rail Port","+5V_ISO","Isolated output power supply rail","Independent isolated DC supply rail powering the phototransistor pull-up resistor and output logic stage, typically derived from an isolated DC-DC converter or separate supply.",{"Nominal Voltage":246,"Operating Range":247,"Power Source":248},"+5.0 V DC (or +3.3 V)","3.0 V to 36.0 V DC","Isolated auxiliary DC rail",{"refDes":188,"name":250,"value":190,"role":251,"description":252,"footprint":178,"specs":253},"Collector Pull-Up Resistor","Collector pull-up load resistor","Pulls the output signal to VCC_ISO (+5.0 V) when the optocoupler IRED is unpowered, and establishes an active low collector sink current of ~1.04 mA in saturation.",{"Resistance":190,"Tolerance":209,"Power Rating":254,"Sink Current in Saturation":255},"250 mW","1.04 mA (at 5.0 V VCC)",{"refDes":257,"name":258,"value":259,"role":260,"description":261,"specs":262},"P_OUT","Isolated Logic Output Port","OUT","Galvanically isolated logic output port","Delivers the inverted, noise-isolated digital logic signal to downstream microcontroller GPIO, PLC digital inputs, or peripheral logic with sub-microsecond edge integrity.",{"Output High Level (VOH)":263,"Output Low Level (VOL)":264,"Output Topology":265},"5.0 V DC (equal to VCC_ISO)","≤ 0.1 V DC (VCE(sat) at 1 mA)","Open-collector with passive pull-up",{"refDes":267,"name":268,"value":269,"role":270,"description":271,"specs":272},"GND2","Isolated System Ground","GND_ISO","Isolated output system ground","Clean reference ground for the isolated logic system and microcontroller. Electrically floating relative to input GND to block ground loops and high-voltage surges.",{"Ground Domain":273,"Common-Mode Barrier":274},"Secondary \u002F Isolated System Ground","5000 Vrms withstand",{"schemaVersion":276,"id":18,"meta":277,"components":283,"nets":343,"junctions":389,"netLabels":402,"wires":403},"1.5",{"title":19,"locale":278,"grid":279,"source":280},"en",20,{"type":281,"ref":282,"url":17},"datasheet","Sharp Corporation PC817 Series (Datasheet No. D2-A03101EN, Sept 30, 2003). Typical application response time and logic interface circuit.",[284,291,297,305,312,317,324,331,337],{"id":285,"symbolId":286,"refDes":195,"position":287,"rotation":289,"properties":290},"comp-p-in","port.input",{"x":279,"y":288},140,0,{"value":197},{"id":292,"symbolId":293,"refDes":175,"position":294,"rotation":289,"properties":296},"comp-r1","resistor.iec",{"x":295,"y":288},120,{"value":177},{"id":298,"symbolId":299,"refDes":182,"position":300,"rotation":303,"properties":304},"comp-d1","diode.standard",{"x":301,"y":302},220,260,270,{"value":183},{"id":306,"symbolId":307,"refDes":166,"position":308,"rotation":289,"properties":310,"catalogRef":311},"comp-u1","ic.isolator.pc817",{"x":309,"y":295},300,{"value":168},{"slug":171,"mpn":167},{"id":313,"symbolId":314,"refDes":231,"position":315,"rotation":289,"properties":316},"comp-gnd1","gnd.port",{"x":301,"y":309},{"value":233},{"id":318,"symbolId":319,"refDes":240,"position":320,"rotation":289,"properties":323},"comp-vcc","vcc.port",{"x":321,"y":322},560,-20,{"value":242},{"id":325,"symbolId":293,"refDes":188,"position":326,"rotation":329,"properties":330},"comp-r2",{"x":327,"y":328},600,60,90,{"value":190},{"id":332,"symbolId":333,"refDes":257,"position":334,"rotation":289,"properties":336},"comp-p-out","port.output",{"x":335,"y":288},660,{"value":259},{"id":338,"symbolId":314,"refDes":267,"position":339,"rotation":289,"properties":342},"comp-gnd2",{"x":340,"y":341},540,240,{"value":269},[344,352,361,370,376,383],{"id":345,"name":197,"class":346,"pins":347},"net_in","signal",[348,350],{"component":285,"pin":349},"out",{"component":292,"pin":351},"1",{"id":353,"name":354,"class":346,"pins":355},"net_anode","ANODE",[356,358,360],{"component":292,"pin":357},"2",{"component":298,"pin":359},"k",{"component":306,"pin":351},{"id":362,"name":233,"class":363,"pins":364},"net_gnd1","ground",[365,367,368],{"component":298,"pin":366},"a",{"component":306,"pin":357},{"component":313,"pin":369},"in",{"id":371,"name":242,"class":372,"pins":373},"net_vcc_iso","power",[374,375],{"component":318,"pin":349},{"component":325,"pin":351},{"id":377,"name":259,"class":346,"pins":378},"net_out",[379,381,382],{"component":306,"pin":380},"4",{"component":325,"pin":357},{"component":332,"pin":369},{"id":384,"name":269,"class":363,"pins":385},"net_gnd2",[386,388],{"component":306,"pin":387},"3",{"component":338,"pin":369},[390,394,398],{"id":391,"netId":353,"position":392},"j-anode",{"x":341,"y":393},160,{"id":395,"netId":362,"position":396},"j-gnd1",{"x":341,"y":397},280,{"id":399,"netId":377,"position":400},"j-out",{"x":401,"y":393},580,[],[404,413,422,430,439,447,455,465,473,481,490,498],{"id":405,"netId":345,"endpoints":406,"path":409},"w-in-r1",[407,408],{"component":285,"pin":349},{"component":292,"pin":351},[410,412],{"x":411,"y":393},80,{"x":295,"y":393},{"id":414,"netId":353,"endpoints":415,"path":418},"w-r1-janode",[416,417],{"component":292,"pin":357},{"junctionId":391},[419,421],{"x":420,"y":393},200,{"x":341,"y":393},{"id":423,"netId":353,"endpoints":424,"path":427},"w-janode-u1",[425,426],{"junctionId":391},{"component":306,"pin":351},[428,429],{"x":341,"y":393},{"x":309,"y":393},{"id":431,"netId":353,"endpoints":432,"path":435},"w-janode-d1",[433,434],{"junctionId":391},{"component":298,"pin":359},[436,437],{"x":341,"y":393},{"x":341,"y":438},180,{"id":440,"netId":362,"endpoints":441,"path":444},"w-d1-jgnd1",[442,443],{"component":298,"pin":366},{"junctionId":395},[445,446],{"x":341,"y":302},{"x":341,"y":397},{"id":448,"netId":362,"endpoints":449,"path":452},"w-jgnd1-gnd1",[450,451],{"junctionId":395},{"component":313,"pin":369},[453,454],{"x":341,"y":397},{"x":341,"y":309},{"id":456,"netId":362,"endpoints":457,"path":460},"w-jgnd1-u1",[458,459],{"junctionId":395},{"component":306,"pin":357},[461,462,463,464],{"x":341,"y":397},{"x":397,"y":397},{"x":397,"y":438},{"x":309,"y":438},{"id":466,"netId":371,"endpoints":467,"path":470},"w-vcc-r2",[468,469],{"component":318,"pin":349},{"component":325,"pin":351},[471,472],{"x":401,"y":279},{"x":401,"y":328},{"id":474,"netId":377,"endpoints":475,"path":478},"w-r2-jout",[476,477],{"component":325,"pin":357},{"junctionId":399},[479,480],{"x":401,"y":288},{"x":401,"y":393},{"id":482,"netId":377,"endpoints":483,"path":486},"w-u1-jout",[484,485],{"component":306,"pin":380},{"junctionId":399},[487,489],{"x":488,"y":393},520,{"x":401,"y":393},{"id":491,"netId":377,"endpoints":492,"path":495},"w-jout-pout",[493,494],{"junctionId":399},{"component":332,"pin":369},[496,497],{"x":401,"y":393},{"x":335,"y":393},{"id":499,"netId":384,"endpoints":500,"path":503},"w-u1-gnd2",[501,502],{"component":306,"pin":387},{"component":338,"pin":369},[504,505,506],{"x":488,"y":438},{"x":321,"y":438},{"x":321,"y":341},"\u003Csvg 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'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">390 Ω\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"D1\" id=\"elem-d1\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(220,260) rotate(270)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"88\" height=\"48\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"25\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cpolygon points=\"25,6 25,34 55,20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"58\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"58\" y2=\"34\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"58\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"80\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"216\" y=\"214.9\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">D1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext 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stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">4\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Cline x1=\"200\" y1=\"60\" x2=\"220\" y2=\"60\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"196\" y=\"64\" text-anchor=\"end\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">EMITTER\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"204\" y=\"57\" text-anchor=\"start\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">3\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"410\" y=\"126.4\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">U1\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"410\" y=\"224.4\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">PC817\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"GND1\" id=\"elem-gnd1\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(220,300) rotate(0)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"48\" height=\"38\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"20\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"20\" y2=\"10\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"6\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"34\" y2=\"10\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"10\" y1=\"16\" x2=\"30\" y2=\"16\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"14\" y1=\"22\" x2=\"26\" y2=\"22\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"240\" y=\"346.4\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">GND\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"VCC1\" id=\"elem-vcc1\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(560,-20) rotate(0)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"48\" height=\"48\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"20\" y1=\"40\" x2=\"20\" y2=\"10\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"8\" y1=\"10\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"10\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Ctext x=\"20\" y=\"0\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">VCC\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"580\" y=\"-33.6\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">+5V_ISO\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"R2\" id=\"elem-r2\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(600,60) rotate(90)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"88\" height=\"48\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"20\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Crect x=\"20\" y=\"12\" width=\"40\" height=\"16\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"60\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"80\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"598\" y=\"96.4\" text-anchor=\"start\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">R2\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"598\" y=\"114.4\" text-anchor=\"start\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">4.7 kΩ\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"P_OUT\" id=\"elem-p_out\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(660,140) rotate(0)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"68\" height=\"48\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cpolygon points=\"0,8 34,8 48,20 34,32 0,32\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"684\" y=\"196.4\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">OUT\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"GND2\" id=\"elem-gnd2\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(540,240) rotate(0)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" 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stroke=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[509,510],"bss138-bidirectional-i2c-level-shifter","ne555-astable-square-wave-generator",[171],"canonical",null,[515,531,540],{"slug":516,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":517,"voltageSpecification":521,"signalDomain":525,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":526,"shortDescription":527,"bomCount":528,"formulaCount":529,"search":530},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection",[518,519,520],"3.3v","5v","12v",{"kind":522,"value":523,"label":524},"supply","+12.0 V DC nominal (+10.8 V to +13.2 V operating range)","Relay Supply Voltage (VLOAD)","digital","2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A NPN BJT Relay Driver with 1N4007 Flyback Clamping Diode","Discrete NPN bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1N4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3V\u002F5V MCU control.",7,4,"2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nnpn general purpose bipolar transistor\n2n2222a\nq1\ngeneral purpose rectifier \u002F clamp diode\n1n4007\nd1\nsubminiature spdt signal \u002F power relay\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nbase current-limiting resistor 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nbase pull-down bleeder resistor 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\nhigh-frequency ceramic decoupling mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\nbulk aluminum electrolytic decoupling\n47µf 25v\nc2",{"slug":509,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":532,"voltageSpecification":533,"signalDomain":525,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":536,"shortDescription":537,"bomCount":538,"formulaCount":529,"search":539},[518,519],{"kind":522,"value":534,"label":535},"+3.3 V DC nominal (+1.65 V to +3.6 V operating range)","Low-Voltage Supply (VDD1)","BSS138 Bidirectional I2C 3.3V to 5V Level Shifter","Bidirectional I2C bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3V and 5V logic domains using two onsemi BSS138 N-channel MOSFETs with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.",8,"bss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq1\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr1\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr3\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr4\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc1\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc2",{"slug":541,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":542,"voltageSpecification":543,"signalDomain":525,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":546,"shortDescription":547,"bomCount":538,"formulaCount":548,"search":549},"esp32-auto-reset-flashing-circuit",[518],{"kind":544,"value":545,"label":30},"logic","3.3 V (VDD33 on the DevKitC V4)","ESP32 Auto-Reset & Boot Flashing Circuit","Dual-transistor auto-download circuit driving ESP32 EN and IO0 boot strapping pins via USB-to-UART DTR and RTS lines.",3,"esp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nesp32 auto-reset & boot flashing circuit\ndual-transistor auto-download circuit driving esp32 en and io0 boot strapping pins via usb-to-uart dtr and rts lines.\nesp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nnpn small-signal transistor\n2n3904\nq1\nnpn small-signal transistor\n2n3904\nq2\nresistor\n10kω\nr1\nresistor\n10kω\nr2\nresistor\n10kω\nr3\nceramic capacitor\n1µf\nc1\ntactile switch\nboot\nsw1\ntactile switch\nen\nsw2",1793836434559]