[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":641},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm7805-5v-linear-regulator-standard-decoupling:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":602,"localizationFallbackIssues":603,"related":604,"confirmations":603},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":47,"gotchas":51,"formulas":70,"bom":129,"interactiveElements":186,"circuitJson":207,"svg":598,"relatedSchematicSlugs":599,"relatedComponentSlugs":600,"relatedBoardSlugs":601},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-13",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Codex (documentary engineering review against ST DS0422 Rev38 and Vishay88503; owner authorized next schematic publication on 2026-10-13; no physical bench test)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.st.com\u002Fresource\u002Fen\u002Fdatasheet\u002Fl78.pdf","lm7805-5v-linear-regulator-standard-decoupling","LM7805 5V Linear Regulator with Decoupling (L7805CV)","power_supplies","Tier 1","A nominal 9V-to-5V supply using ST L7805CV, input\u002Foutput bypass capacitors, a discharge-path diode and an LED indicator. Includes conditional ratings and thermal calculations.","This circuit uses STMicroelectronics L7805CV in TO-220. Its values come from ST L78 datasheet DS0422 Rev 38 (February 2025), not from the onsemi or TI versions of the 7805 family. The linked LM7805 component page is a family reference; use the ST limits stated here for U1. The drawing adapts the fixed-output application in Figure 8 (page 22) with additional bulk storage, an LED branch and an optional output-to-input discharge path.\n\nThe illustrated input is 9V DC and the output is nominally 5V. Table 10 (page 13) specifies 4.75–5.25V over VIN=7–18V, IOUT=5mA–1A and TJ=0–125°C; the narrower 4.8–5.2V row applies at TJ=25°C under the table conditions. These are IC specifications, not a tested continuous-current rating for this assembly. Available load current depends on temperature, input voltage, layout and cooling.\n\nC2=330nF and C3=100nF follow the input\u002Foutput bypass values in Figure 8. ST states that the input bypass is required when the regulator is far from the supply filter; the output capacitor improves transient response and is not required for stability. C1=10µF and C4=100µF provide additional local storage. Keep bypass connections short and verify the selected capacitors under bias and temperature.\n\nD1 is a Vishay 1N4007 in DO-41, connected with anode at VOUT and cathode at VIN. This is an additional discharge path, not reverse-input-polarity protection. ST Figure 27 (page 29) discusses destructive reverse discharge for high-capacitance loads above 6V; it does not establish that this 5V\u002F100µF circuit always needs D1 or otherwise fails. Check discharge energy and the input supply's ability to accept returned current. D1 ratings are taken separately from Vishay document 88503: https:\u002F\u002Fwww.vishay.com\u002Fdocs\u002F88503\u002F1n4001.pdf .\n\nR1=330Ω limits current through a generic green LED. The LED indicates that voltage is present; it does not verify output accuracy or power-good timing. No physical bench test, automotive transient qualification or complete assembly current rating is claimed.","### 1. Input bypass and regulation\nP_VIN supplies nominal 9V DC to U1 Pin 1. C1 and C2 connect to the common ground net. U1 regulates Pin 3 relative to Pin 2 (GND); the TO-220 tab is also ground. The regulator dissipates the input-output voltage difference as heat.\n\n### 2. Output storage and indication\nC3 and C4 connect from VOUT to GND. R1 and LED1 form a separate series branch. Include LED current in the total regulator output current. Table 10 specifies a 5mA minimum load for regulation; do not assume a generic LED branch guarantees this minimum under every condition.\n\n### 3. Dropout and source conditions\nThe 2V dropout figure is typical at IOUT=1A and TJ=25°C, not a universal guaranteed overhead. Use the qualified Table 10 voltage\u002Fload\u002Ftemperature conditions and allow for supply ripple and wiring losses. A nominal 6V source is outside that output-voltage specification.\n\n### 4. Heat calculation\nEstimate regulator dissipation with total output current, including the indicator:\n$$P_D \\approx (V_{IN}-V_{OUT}) I_{OUT}+V_{IN} I_G$$\nFor an illustrative VIN=9V, VOUT=5V, IOUT=0.1A and assumed IG=0.008A, PD≈0.472W. The 8mA value is the Table 10 maximum at TJ=25°C, not a maximum guaranteed at every temperature. With the datasheet's TO-220 RthJA=50°C\u002FW and assumed TA=25°C, the simple estimate is TJ≈48.6°C. Actual mounting changes thermal resistance; validate the finished assembly. Thermal shutdown is a protection mechanism, not a specified 150°C design setpoint.\n\n### 5. Output-to-input discharge\nD1 normally blocks because VIN exceeds VOUT. If VIN collapses below the charged output, D1 can conduct back toward the input. It does not limit the capacitor's surge current by itself. Input faults, discharge path impedance and diode pulse capability must be evaluated for the intended supply.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44],{"label":27,"value":28},"Illustrated supply","9V DC nominal input; 5V nominal output; no bench measurement",{"label":30,"value":31},"Regulated Output Voltage","4.75–5.25V at VIN=7–18V, IOUT=5mA–1A, TJ=0–125°C (ST Table 10)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Assembly load current","Not established; calculate temperature and cooling for the intended load",{"label":36,"value":37},"Dropout voltage","2V typical at IOUT=1A, TJ=25°C (ST Table 10)",{"label":39,"value":40},"Ground current","8mA maximum at TJ=25°C under ST Table 10 conditions",{"label":42,"value":43},"U1 junction operating range","0–125°C for L7805C (ST Table 1)",{"label":45,"value":46},"U1 absolute input stress limit","35V (ST Table 1); not an assembly operating rating",[48,49,50],"Local 5V DC supply for logic circuits within the calculated load budget","Linear post-regulation where input headroom and heat dissipation have been checked","Educational study of bypassing, dropout and regulator thermal design",[52,57,61,65],{"title":53,"trap":54,"solution":55,"severity":56},"Thermal budget limits usable current","The IC family current headline does not establish continuous current for this assembly. Higher input voltage increases dissipation.","Calculate PD and TJ using the actual ambient, mounting and heatsink. Keep L7805C within its 0–125°C operating junction range; do not rely on thermal shutdown for normal operation.","warning",{"title":58,"trap":59,"solution":60,"severity":56},"Typical dropout is not guaranteed headroom","Adding a typical 2V dropout to 5V does not guarantee regulation at all loads and temperatures. Supply ripple can reduce instantaneous input voltage.","Use ST Table 10 conditions and check the lowest input voltage at the actual load. The illustrated 9V input is a nominal design point, not a measured operating range.",{"title":62,"trap":63,"solution":64,"severity":56},"A discharge diode is not input protection","D1 returns output charge toward VIN. It does not protect against a reversed supply, clamp input surges or guarantee safe discharge into every source.","Check D1 polarity (anode VOUT, cathode VIN), discharge energy and source reverse-current tolerance. ST Figure 27 explicitly concerns high-capacitance outputs above 6V; D1 is an additional adaptation here.",{"title":66,"trap":67,"solution":68,"severity":69},"Indicator and minimum load","A lit LED does not prove a regulated 5V output. A generic LED forward voltage does not establish a guaranteed load current.","Verify at least the specified 5mA load when using the Table 10 regulation limits. Select LED1 and R1 for their current\u002Fpower ratings and include indicator current in IOUT.","info",[71,94,114],{"name":72,"latexOrText":73,"description":74,"variables":75},"Regulator dissipation estimate","P_D \\approx (V_{IN}-V_{OUT})\\cdot I_{OUT}+V_{IN}\\cdot I_G","Illustrative DC estimate; total IOUT includes the LED branch. IG=8mA is the ST maximum at TJ=25°C, used as an assumption here.",[76,81,85,90],{"symbol":77,"name":78,"typicalValue":79,"unit":80},"V_{IN}","Illustrative input voltage","9","V",{"symbol":82,"name":83,"typicalValue":84,"unit":80},"V_{OUT}","Nominal output voltage","5",{"symbol":86,"name":87,"typicalValue":88,"unit":89},"I_{OUT}","Illustrative total output current","0.1","A",{"symbol":91,"name":92,"typicalValue":93,"unit":89},"I_G","Assumed ground current","0.008",{"name":95,"latexOrText":96,"description":97,"variables":98},"Junction temperature estimate","T_J \\approx T_A+P_D\\cdot\\theta_{JA}","First-order estimate for the assumed mounting; 48.6°C is calculated, not measured. Check actual board and cooling.",[99,104,109],{"symbol":100,"name":101,"typicalValue":102,"unit":103},"T_A","Assumed ambient temperature","25","°C",{"symbol":105,"name":106,"typicalValue":107,"unit":108},"P_D","Calculated dissipation","0.472","W",{"symbol":110,"name":111,"typicalValue":112,"unit":113},"\\theta_{JA}","ST TO-220 junction-to-ambient thermal resistance","50","°C\u002FW",{"name":115,"latexOrText":116,"description":117,"variables":118},"Indicator current estimate","I_{LED}\\approx\\frac{V_{OUT}-V_F}{R_1}","VF depends on the selected LED and operating current; no exact LED current is asserted.",[119,120,124],{"symbol":82,"name":83,"typicalValue":84,"unit":80},{"symbol":121,"name":122,"typicalValue":123,"unit":80},"V_F","Selected LED forward voltage","—",{"symbol":125,"name":126,"typicalValue":127,"unit":128},"R_1","Series resistance","330","Ω",[130,139,146,153,160,166,172,179],{"refDes":131,"componentName":132,"value":133,"package":134,"quantity":135,"componentSlug":136,"role":137,"notes":138},"U1","STMicroelectronics L7805CV","L7805CV","TO-220-3",1,"lm7805","Fixed 5V regulation","ST DS0422 Rev 38; Pins 1 IN, 2 GND, 3 OUT; tab GND. Family page uses a different reference manufacturer.",{"refDes":140,"componentName":141,"value":142,"package":143,"quantity":135,"role":144,"notes":145},"D1","Vishay silicon rectifier","1N4007","DO-41","Additional output-to-input discharge path","Vishay 88503: IF(AV)=1A at TA=75°C, 9.5mm lead length; IFSM=30A at TA=25°C, non-repetitive 8.3ms half-sine superimposed on rated load. Check actual discharge.",{"refDes":147,"componentName":148,"value":149,"package":150,"quantity":135,"role":151,"notes":152},"C1","Generic input bulk capacitor","10µF \u002F 25V","Radial electrolytic","Local input charge storage","Observe polarity; generic part, select footprint and ripple-current rating for the assembly.",{"refDes":154,"componentName":155,"value":156,"package":157,"quantity":135,"role":158,"notes":159},"C2","Generic ceramic input bypass","330nF \u002F 50V","0805","Input bypass","X7R; keep connections to Pin 1 and GND short. Figure 8 value.",{"refDes":161,"componentName":162,"value":163,"package":157,"quantity":135,"role":164,"notes":165},"C3","Generic ceramic output bypass","100nF \u002F 25V","Output transient bypass","X7R; Figure 8 says output capacitor improves transient response, not required for stability.",{"refDes":167,"componentName":168,"value":169,"package":150,"quantity":135,"role":170,"notes":171},"C4","Generic output bulk capacitor","100µF \u002F 16V","Local output charge storage","Observe polarity; additional adaptation, evaluate discharge and load transients.",{"refDes":173,"componentName":174,"value":175,"package":176,"quantity":135,"role":177,"notes":178},"R1","Generic LED series resistor","330Ω \u002F 0.25W","Axial","LED current limiting","Select tolerance and verify dissipation with the chosen LED; no exact current is claimed.",{"refDes":180,"componentName":181,"value":182,"package":183,"quantity":135,"role":184,"notes":185},"LED1","Generic green indicator LED","Green LED","Through-hole","Output-voltage indication","Select a specific LED with suitable current and forward-voltage ratings; not a power-good monitor.",{"U1":187,"D1":188,"C1":189,"C2":190,"C3":191,"C4":192,"R1":193,"LED1":194,"P_VIN":195,"P_VOUT":201},{"refDes":131,"name":132,"value":133,"role":137,"description":138,"componentSlug":136,"footprint":134},{"refDes":140,"name":141,"value":142,"role":144,"description":145,"footprint":143},{"refDes":147,"name":148,"value":149,"role":151,"description":152,"footprint":150},{"refDes":154,"name":155,"value":156,"role":158,"description":159,"footprint":157},{"refDes":161,"name":162,"value":163,"role":164,"description":165,"footprint":157},{"refDes":167,"name":168,"value":169,"role":170,"description":171,"footprint":150},{"refDes":173,"name":174,"value":175,"role":177,"description":178,"footprint":176},{"refDes":180,"name":181,"value":182,"role":184,"description":185,"footprint":183},{"refDes":196,"name":197,"value":198,"role":199,"description":200},"P_VIN","DC input","9V DC nominal","Input port","Illustrative supply point. Check source ripple, input bypass and thermal dissipation for the selected load.",{"refDes":202,"name":203,"value":204,"role":205,"description":206},"P_VOUT","Regulated output","5V nominal","Output port","Nominal regulated rail. Available load current is limited by temperature, source conditions and the complete assembly.",{"schemaVersion":208,"id":209,"meta":210,"components":216,"nets":327,"junctions":378,"netLabels":406,"wires":407},"1.5","schematic-7805-fixed-regulator",{"title":19,"locale":211,"grid":212,"source":213},"en",20,{"type":214,"ref":215,"url":17},"datasheet","STMicroelectronics L78 DS0422 Rev 38 (February 2025), Figure 8 p.22 and L7805C Table 10 p.13; pinout p.3, thermal\u002Frating Tables 1–2 p.4; discharge discussion Figure 27 p.29. Adaptation: nominal 9V input, C1=10µF, C2=330nF, C3=100nF, C4=100µF, D1=Vishay 1N4007, R1=330Ω and generic green LED. No bench test.",[217,226,234,241,248,255,261,267,275,281,289,297,303,309,315,321],{"id":218,"symbolId":219,"refDes":196,"position":220,"rotation":223,"properties":224},"comp_p_vin","port.power",{"x":221,"y":222},140,40,0,{"value":225},"+9V 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t":268,"pin":336},[529,530],{"x":405,"y":382},{"x":405,"y":272},{"id":532,"netId":342,"endpoints":533,"path":536},"w_jv4_pvout",[534,535],{"junctionId":403},{"component":282,"pin":353},[537,538],{"x":405,"y":382},{"x":285,"y":382},{"id":540,"netId":355,"endpoints":541,"path":544},"w_r1_led",[542,543],{"component":268,"pin":360},{"component":276,"pin":348},[545,546],{"x":405,"y":301},{"x":405,"y":238},{"id":548,"netId":363,"endpoints":549,"path":552},"w_c1_gnd",[550,551],{"component":227,"pin":360},{"component":290,"pin":353},[553,555],{"x":272,"y":554},220,{"x":272,"y":294},{"id":557,"netId":363,"endpoints":558,"path":561},"w_c2_gnd",[559,560],{"component":235,"pin":360},{"component":298,"pin":353},[562,563],{"x":307,"y":554},{"x":307,"y":294},{"id":565,"netId":363,"endpoints":566,"path":569},"w_u1_gnd",[567,568],{"component":242,"pin":360},{"component":304,"pin":353},[570,572],{"x":571,"y":230},440,{"x":571,"y":307},{"id":574,"netId":363,"endpoints":575,"path":578},"w_c3_gnd",[576,577],{"component":256,"pin":360},{"component":310,"pin":353},[579,580],{"x":397,"y":554},{"x":397,"y":294},{"id":582,"netId":363,"endpoints":583,"path":586},"w_c4_gnd",[584,585],{"component":262,"pin":360},{"component":316,"pin":353},[587,588],{"x":401,"y":554},{"x":401,"y":294},{"id":590,"netId":363,"endpoints":591,"path":594},"w_led_gnd",[592,593],{"component":276,"pin":339},{"component":322,"pin":353},[595,597],{"x":405,"y":596},360,{"x":405,"y":252},"\u003Csvg 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'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">GND\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003Ctext x=\"820\" y=\"466.4\" text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">GND\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[],[136],[],"canonical",null,[605,618,630],{"slug":606,"cluster":20,"tier":607,"supplyVoltage":608,"voltageSpecification":610,"signalDomain":331,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":613,"shortDescription":614,"bomCount":615,"formulaCount":616,"search":617},"dual-rail-7815-7915-split-power-supply","Tier 2",[609],"dual_rail",{"kind":611,"value":612,"label":30},"output","+15 V and −15 V, tracking; up to 1 A (TI Figure 8)","±15 V Tracking Dual Supply (LM7815 \u002F LM7915)","The ±15 V, 1 A tracking regulator from the TI LM79xx datasheet: an LM7915 trimmed to exactly −15 V and an LM7815 whose ground pin is driven by an LM307 op-amp, so the positive rail mirrors the negative one.",14,3,"±15 v tracking dual supply (lm7815 \u002F lm7915)\nthe ±15 v, 1 a tracking regulator from the ti lm79xx datasheet: an lm7915 trimmed to exactly −15 v and an lm7815 whose ground pin is driven by an lm307 op-amp, so the positive rail mirrors the negative one.\n±15 v tracking dual supply (lm7815 \u002F lm7915)\nthe ±15 v, 1 a tracking regulator from the ti lm79xx datasheet: an lm7915 trimmed to exactly −15 v and an lm7815 whose ground pin is driven by an lm307 op-amp, so the positive rail mirrors the negative one.\n±15 v tracking dual supply (lm7815 \u002F lm7915)\nthe ±15 v, 1 a tracking regulator from the ti lm79xx datasheet: an lm7915 trimmed to exactly −15 v and an lm7815 whose ground pin is driven by an lm307 op-amp, so the positive rail mirrors the negative one.\npower_supplies\npositive voltage regulator\nlm7815\nu1\nnegative voltage regulator\nlm7915\nu2\noperational amplifier\nlm307\nu3\nresistor\n50ω\nr1\nresistor\n1kω\nr2\ntrimmer potentiometer\n5kω\nr3\nprecision resistor\n10kω 1%\nr4\nprecision resistor\n10kω 1%\nr5\naluminium electrolytic capacitor\n25µf\nc1\naluminium electrolytic capacitor\n25µf\nc2\naluminium electrolytic capacitor\n25µf\nc4\naluminium electrolytic capacitor\n25µf\nc5\nrectifier diode\n1n4001\nd1\nrectifier diode\n1n4001\nd2",{"slug":619,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":620,"voltageSpecification":623,"signalDomain":331,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":625,"shortDescription":626,"bomCount":627,"formulaCount":628,"search":629},"lm2596-step-down-buck-converter",[621,622,609],"5v","12v",{"kind":611,"value":624,"label":30},"5.0V DC (±4% full line, load, temp: 4.80V to 5.20V)","LM2596 Step-Down Buck Converter (5V \u002F 3A)","High-efficiency 150-kHz step-down switching regulator delivering a regulated 5V output at up to 3A continuous load from a 7V–40V DC supply with minimal external components.",7,4,"lm2596 step-down buck converter (5v \u002F 3a)\nhigh-efficiency 150-khz step-down switching regulator delivering a regulated 5v output at up to 3a continuous load from a 7v–40v dc supply with minimal external components.\nlm2596 step-down buck converter (5v \u002F 3a)\nhigh-efficiency 150-khz step-down switching regulator delivering a regulated 5v output at up to 3a continuous load from a 7v–40v dc supply with minimal external components.\nlm2596 step-down buck converter (5v \u002F 3a)\nhigh-efficiency 150-khz step-down switching regulator delivering a regulated 5v output at up to 3a continuous load from a 7v–40v dc supply with minimal external components.\npower_supplies\ntexas instruments lm2596-5.0\nlm2596t-5.0\nu1\non semiconductor schottky barrier rectifier\n1n5822\nd1\npulse electronics toroidal power inductor\n33µh \u002F 3.5a\nl1\nnichicon low-esr input electrolytic capacitor\n680µf \u002F 50v\nc1\nnichicon low-esr output electrolytic capacitor\n220µf \u002F 25v\nc2\ndc power input port\n+12v dc (7v–40v)\np_vin\ndc power output port\n+5.0v dc (up to 3a)\np_vout",{"slug":631,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":632,"voltageSpecification":634,"signalDomain":331,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":637,"shortDescription":638,"bomCount":639,"formulaCount":616,"search":640},"lm317-adjustable-linear-regulator",[621,622,633],"24v",{"kind":611,"value":635,"label":636},"1.25–9V respects recommended 3V headroom with nominal 12V input; regulation also requires the specified load, temperature and power conditions","Calculated nominal setpoints","LM317 Adjustable Positive Linear Voltage Regulator","Adjustable DC voltage reference circuit using TI LM317KCS and nominal 12V input. Calculated setpoints up to 9V respect the recommended 3V headroom; usable current requires a load and thermal budget.",6,"lm317 adjustable positive linear voltage regulator\nadjustable dc voltage reference circuit using ti lm317kcs and nominal 12v input. calculated setpoints up to 9v respect the recommended 3v headroom; usable current requires a load and thermal budget.\nlm317 adjustable positive linear voltage regulator\nadjustable dc voltage reference circuit using ti lm317kcs and nominal 12v input. calculated setpoints up to 9v respect the recommended 3v headroom; usable current requires a load and thermal budget.\nlm317 adjustable positive linear voltage regulator\nadjustable dc voltage reference circuit using ti lm317kcs and nominal 12v input. calculated setpoints up to 9v respect the recommended 3v headroom; usable current requires a load and thermal budget.\npower_supplies\nadjustable positive linear voltage regulator\nlm317kcs\nu1\nprecision metal film resistor 1\u002F4w\n240ω\nr1\ncermet linear potentiometer \u002F trimmer\n5kω\nr2\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor (mlcc)\n0.1µf\nc1\naluminum electrolytic capacitor\n10µf\nc2\nstandard silicon rectifier diode\n1n4007\nd1",1793836433188]