[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":720},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm393-comparator:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":678,"localizationFallbackIssues":679,"related":680,"confirmations":679},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":55,"formulas":74,"bom":160,"interactiveElements":215,"circuitJson":327,"svg":671,"relatedSchematicSlugs":672,"relatedComponentSlugs":675},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Texas Instruments SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH Rev. AH April 2025; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Flm393.pdf","lm393-comparator","LM393 Precision Voltage Comparator with Hysteresis","analog_sensing","Tier 1","Texas Instruments LM393 dual differential comparator in a non-inverting Schmitt trigger configuration with 48.5 mV positive feedback hysteresis, 2.5 V reference threshold, and open-collector output.","This precision comparator circuit implements the industry-benchmark voltage threshold detector and Schmitt trigger configuration from Texas Instruments LM393 datasheet SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH (Section 8.2 Typical Application). Powered from a single +5.0 V DC supply, the circuit configures Channel A (U1A) of the dual comparator to evaluate an analog input signal against an internal 2.50 V midpoint reference. A precision resistive divider formed by R1 and R2 establishes the reference voltage at the inverting input (pin 2), while input series resistor R3 (10 kΩ) and high-value feedback resistor R4 (1 MΩ) establish positive feedback around the non-inverting input (pin 3). This positive feedback loop creates two distinct switching thresholds—an upper trip point of 2.524 V and a lower trip point of 2.475 V—forming a 48.5 mV hysteresis deadband that eliminates rapid output oscillation and chattering when processing noisy or slow-moving sensor signals. The open-collector NPN output stage is restored to logic levels via pull-up resistor R5 (4.7 kΩ), while local 100 nF ceramic bypass capacitor C1 suppresses switching transients.","### 1. DC Power Rail Decoupling and Ground Sense Stability\nThe circuit operates from a single +5.0 V DC power rail connected to Pin 8 (VCC) and Pin 4 (GND). Supply bypass capacitor C1 (100 nF X7R ceramic) provides a localized low-impedance charge reservoir directly across the IC power pins, absorbing high-frequency transient current spikes generated when the open-collector output stage switches rapidly between cutoff and deep saturation. The LM393 input architecture uses PNP differential Darlington pairs with integrated level shifting, allowing both input terminals to sense voltages down to true circuit ground (0 V) without requiring a negative supply rail.\n\n### 2. Precision Threshold Voltage Generation\nA stable reference voltage V_REF is derived from the +5.0 V supply rail using a matched voltage divider formed by R1 (10 kΩ) and R2 (10 kΩ). With 1% tolerance metal film resistors, the midpoint reference voltage presented to Pin 2 (Inverting Input, 1IN-) is:\n$$V_{REF} = V_{CC} \\cdot \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} = 5.0\\text{V} \\cdot \\frac{10\\text{k}\\Omega}{10\\text{k}\\Omega + 10\\text{k}\\Omega} = 2.50\\text{ V}$$\nThis 2.50 V threshold is centered within the device linear common-mode input range ($0\\text{ V}$ to $V_{CC} - 1.5\\text{V} = 3.5\\text{V}$), providing optimal differential headroom for both positive and negative signal swings.\n\n### 3. Input Signal Attenuation and Positive Feedback Coupling\nThe analog input signal VIN enters via series resistor R3 (10 kΩ) and terminates at summing node junction j_in_pos before entering Pin 3 (Non-Inverting Input, 1IN+). Positive feedback resistor R4 (1 MΩ) couples the comparator output state back to this summing junction. Applying superposition, the instantaneous voltage V+ at Pin 3 is governed by both VIN and the comparator output voltage VOUT:\n$$V_+ = V_{IN} + (V_{OUT} - V_{IN}) \\cdot \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4}$$\nBecause R4 is one hundred times larger than R3 ($R_4 \u002F R_3 = 100$), the feedback network injects a small, controlled 1% fraction of the output swing into the non-inverting node, dynamically shifting the effective switching threshold depending on the current output state.\n\n### 4. Hysteresis Band and Anti-Chattering Switching Dynamics\nWhen VIN is low, the comparator output is held high ($V_{OH} \\approx 5.0\\text{ V}$ via pull-up resistor R5). The current flowing through R4 raises the potential at Pin 3, establishing the Upper Trip Point ($V_{TH} \\approx 2.524\\text{ V}$). When VIN rises above $V_{TH}$, the internal differential amplifier flips state, turning ON the internal open-collector NPN transistor and pulling VOUT down to saturation ($V_{OL} \\approx 0.1\\text{ V}$). Instantly, R4 shifts the Pin 3 threshold down to the Lower Trip Point ($V_{TL} \\approx 2.475\\text{ V}$). The difference between these thresholds defines the hysteresis window:\n$$\\Delta V_H = \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{OL}) \\approx \\frac{10\\text{k}\\Omega}{1010\\text{k}\\Omega} \\cdot (5.0\\text{V} - 0.1\\text{V}) \\approx 48.5\\text{ mV}$$\nThis 48.5 mV noise margin prevents false triggering, parasitic bursts, and output chattering when evaluating slow-ramping sensor inputs or noisy analog signals.\n\n### 5. Open-Collector Output Level Restoration\nThe LM393 output stage consists of an uncommitted bipolar NPN transistor with an open collector connected directly to Pin 1. Pull-up resistor R5 (4.7 kΩ) tied to +5.0 V restores active high logic levels ($V_{OH} = 5.0\\text{ V}$) when the output transistor is in cutoff. When the comparator triggers LOW, the internal switch sinks $I_{SINK} = (5.0\\text{V} - 0.15\\text{V}) \u002F 4.7\\text{k}\\Omega \\approx 1.03\\text{ mA}$, driving the output cleanly to $V_{OL} \\le 150\\text{ mV}$. Because the pull-up rail is electrically isolated from the comparator core, R5 can alternatively be tied to an external +3.3 V microcontroller rail, achieving seamless direct logic level translation without active level-shifter ICs.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Supply Voltage (VCC)","+5.0 V DC nominal (operates 2.0 V to 36.0 V)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Reference Voltage (VREF)","2.50 V (defined by R1\u002FR2 10 kΩ 1% divider)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Input Common-Mode Range (VICR)","0.0 V to 3.5 V (0 V to VCC - 1.5 V)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Hysteresis Voltage Band (ΔVH)","≈ 48.5 mV (R3 = 10 kΩ, R4 = 1 MΩ, β ≈ 0.0099)",{"label":39,"value":40},"Upper Trip Point (VTH)","≈ 2.524 V (rising input switching threshold)",{"label":42,"value":43},"Lower Trip Point (VTL)","≈ 2.475 V (falling input switching threshold)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Output Pull-Up Resistor (R5)","4.7 kΩ (1.03 mA low-state sink current)",{"label":48,"value":49},"Small-Signal Response Time","1.3 µs typical (5 mV overdrive)",[51,52,53,54],"Precision threshold detection and noise-immune analog sensor signal digitization","Core comparator stage for light-dependent resistor (LDR) and NTC thermistor trigger modules","Square-wave generation and clean pulse conditioning from slow analog sensor ramps","Voltage level translation interfacing high-voltage analog inputs to 3.3V\u002F5V microcontrollers",[56,61,65,70],{"title":57,"trap":58,"solution":59,"severity":60},"Mandatory External Pull-Up Resistor on Output","The LM393 output is an uncommitted open-collector NPN transistor that can only sink current to ground (0V), not source positive current. Leaving Pin 1 floating without a pull-up resistor produces an undefined high-impedance state, failing to trigger downstream logic gates.","Always connect an external pull-up resistor (1 kΩ to 10 kΩ) between Pin 1 and the logic power rail. For low-power sensing use 10 kΩ; for fast edges (\u003C 200 ns) into capacitive loads, use 2.2 kΩ to 4.7 kΩ.","critical",{"title":62,"trap":63,"solution":64,"severity":60},"Exceeding Common-Mode Input Voltage Ceiling","The LM393 input PNP Darlington stage allows inputs to sense ground (0 V), but the upper common-mode boundary is strictly capped at VCC - 1.5 V (3.5 V on a 5 V rail). Exceeding this boundary causes loss of differential gain or output phase reversal where the logic state unexpectedly flips.","Ensure both reference and sensor input voltages remain strictly between 0 V and VCC - 1.5 V. For wider input monitoring, scale signals using a resistive divider before the comparator inputs.",{"title":66,"trap":67,"solution":68,"severity":69},"High-Frequency Output Chattering Without Positive Feedback","With an open-loop gain of 200 V\u002FmV (106 dB), slowly varying input signals hovering near the 2.5 V threshold pick up microvolt noise or supply ripple, causing the output to chatter violently between HIGH and LOW during the transition interval.","Incorporate positive feedback by placing resistor R4 (470 kΩ to 1 MΩ) from output to non-inverting input alongside series input resistor R3 (10 kΩ). This introduces a clean 20 mV to 50 mV hysteresis band that eliminates chattering.","warning",{"title":71,"trap":72,"solution":73,"severity":69},"Cross-Talk and Noise from Floating Unused Channel","The LM393 contains two independent comparators. Leaving the inputs of the second unused comparator channel (pins 5, 6, 7) floating allows high-impedance inputs to act as antennas, inducing internal switching oscillations and supply noise that couples into the active channel.","Terminate the unused channel by tying non-inverting input 2IN+ (pin 5) to ground, tying inverting input 2IN- (pin 6) to a valid DC voltage within common-mode limits, and leaving the open-collector output 2OUT (pin 7) unconnected.",[75,97,121,141],{"name":76,"latexOrText":77,"description":78,"variables":79},"Reference Voltage Threshold","V_{REF} = V_{CC} \\cdot \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}","Calculates the DC reference threshold voltage established by the matched resistive divider at the inverting comparator input.",[80,85,89,94],{"symbol":81,"name":82,"typicalValue":83,"unit":84},"V_{REF}","Reference voltage threshold","2.50","V",{"symbol":86,"name":87,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},"V_{CC}","Positive supply rail voltage","5.00",{"symbol":90,"name":91,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"R_1","Divider upper arm resistor","10.0","kΩ",{"symbol":95,"name":96,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"R_2","Divider lower arm resistor",{"name":98,"latexOrText":99,"description":100,"variables":101},"Hysteresis Voltage Band","\\Delta V_H = \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{OL})","Determines the total hysteresis deadband voltage that prevents output chattering during signal transitions.",[102,107,110,114,117],{"symbol":103,"name":104,"typicalValue":105,"unit":106},"\\Delta V_H","Hysteresis voltage window","48.5","mV",{"symbol":108,"name":109,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"R_3","Input series coupling resistor",{"symbol":111,"name":112,"typicalValue":113,"unit":93},"R_4","Positive feedback hysteresis resistor","1000.0",{"symbol":115,"name":116,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},"V_{OH}","High-level output pull-up voltage",{"symbol":118,"name":119,"typicalValue":120,"unit":84},"V_{OL}","Low-level output saturation voltage","0.10",{"name":122,"latexOrText":123,"description":124,"variables":125},"Upper and Lower Switching Thresholds","V_{TH} = V_{REF} + \\frac{R_3}{R_4} \\cdot (V_{REF} - V_{OL}), \\quad V_{TL} = V_{REF} - \\frac{R_3}{R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{REF})","Calculates the exact rising (upper) and falling (lower) input switching thresholds established by the positive feedback loop.",[126,130,134,137,139],{"symbol":127,"name":128,"typicalValue":129,"unit":84},"V_{TH}","Upper trip point (rising threshold)","2.524",{"symbol":131,"name":132,"typicalValue":133,"unit":84},"V_{TL}","Lower trip point (falling threshold)","2.475",{"symbol":81,"name":135,"typicalValue":136,"unit":84},"Nominal reference voltage","2.500",{"symbol":108,"name":138,"typicalValue":92,"unit":93},"Input series resistor",{"symbol":111,"name":140,"typicalValue":113,"unit":93},"Positive feedback resistor",{"name":142,"latexOrText":143,"description":144,"variables":145},"Open-Collector Pull-Up Sink Current","I_{SINK} = \\frac{V_{LOGIC} - V_{OL}}{R_5}","Calculates the DC current sink demand on the internal NPN output transistor in the logic LOW state.",[146,151,154,156],{"symbol":147,"name":148,"typicalValue":149,"unit":150},"I_{SINK}","Low-state output sink current","1.03","mA",{"symbol":152,"name":153,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},"V_{LOGIC}","Pull-up logic supply voltage",{"symbol":118,"name":119,"typicalValue":155,"unit":84},"0.15",{"symbol":157,"name":158,"typicalValue":159,"unit":93},"R_5","Open-collector pull-up resistor","4.70",[161,170,177,181,185,190,195,202,209],{"refDes":162,"componentName":163,"value":164,"package":165,"quantity":166,"componentSlug":167,"role":168,"notes":169},"U1","Dual Differential Comparator","LM393P","PDIP-8",1,"lm393","Precision voltage comparison with open-collector output (Channel A used)","Texas Instruments LM393P, SLCS005AH Rev. AH; Pin 1 1OUT, Pin 2 1IN-, Pin 3 1IN+, Pin 4 GND, Pin 8 VCC.",{"refDes":171,"componentName":172,"value":173,"package":174,"quantity":166,"role":175,"notes":176},"R1","Reference Divider Upper Resistor","10kΩ","0805 \u002F Axial","Pull-up arm of the 2.50V midpoint reference voltage divider","Metal film, 1% tolerance, 0.125 W",{"refDes":178,"componentName":179,"value":173,"package":174,"quantity":166,"role":180,"notes":176},"R2","Reference Divider Lower Resistor","Pull-down arm of the 2.50V midpoint reference voltage divider",{"refDes":182,"componentName":183,"value":173,"package":174,"quantity":166,"role":184,"notes":176},"R3","Input Series Isolation Resistor","Input signal series impedance setting positive feedback attenuation ratio",{"refDes":186,"componentName":187,"value":188,"package":174,"quantity":166,"role":189,"notes":176},"R4","Positive Feedback Hysteresis Resistor","1MΩ","Introduces 48.5 mV positive feedback hysteresis to eliminate noise chattering",{"refDes":191,"componentName":192,"value":193,"package":174,"quantity":166,"role":194,"notes":176},"R5","Open-Collector Pull-Up Resistor","4.7kΩ","Pulls open-collector output to +5.0V logic high with 1.03 mA sink current",{"refDes":196,"componentName":197,"value":198,"package":199,"quantity":166,"role":200,"notes":201},"C1","Supply Bypass Decoupling Capacitor","100nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Suppresses high-frequency switching transients and stabilizes IC supply rail","Multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC), 50V, X7R dielectric",{"refDes":203,"componentName":204,"value":205,"package":206,"quantity":166,"role":207,"notes":208},"P_VIN","Analog Input Port","VIN","Header \u002F Terminal","Off-page analog signal input terminal (0.0 V to 3.5 V range)","Monitored analog voltage input",{"refDes":210,"componentName":211,"value":212,"package":206,"quantity":166,"role":213,"notes":214},"P_VOUT","Comparator Output Port","VOUT","Digital logic output port (0.1 V low, 5.0 V high)","Schmitt-trigger conditioned digital output",{"P_VIN":216,"R3":225,"R4":232,"P_VCC1":237,"R1":247,"R2":251,"GND_R2":254,"U1A":263,"P_VCC2":273,"GND_U1":280,"P_VCC3":286,"R5":293,"P_VOUT":299,"P_VCC4":307,"C1":313,"GND_C1":321},{"refDes":203,"name":217,"value":205,"role":218,"description":219,"footprint":220,"specs":221},"Analog Input Signal Port","Analog Signal Input","Analog sensor signal input node (0.0 V to 3.5 V operating window within common-mode input range).","Off-page connector",{"Signal Type":222,"Input Voltage Range":223,"Source Impedance":224},"Analog DC \u002F AC","0.0 V to 3.5 V","\u003C 10 kΩ recommended",{"refDes":182,"name":183,"value":173,"role":226,"description":227,"footprint":174,"specs":228},"Input Impedance & Feedback Attenuation","Provides input current limiting and acts with R4 as a voltage divider for the positive feedback hysteresis loop.",{"Resistance":229,"Tolerance":230,"Power Rating":231},"10 kΩ","1%","0.125 W",{"refDes":186,"name":187,"value":188,"role":233,"description":234,"footprint":174,"specs":235},"Hysteresis Generation","Injects a 1% fraction of the output swing into the non-inverting input, establishing a 48.5 mV hysteresis deadband.",{"Resistance":236,"Tolerance":230,"Power Rating":231},"1 MΩ",{"refDes":238,"name":239,"value":240,"role":241,"description":242,"footprint":243,"specs":244},"P_VCC1","Reference Divider Power Port","+5V","DC Bias Power Rail","+5.0 V supply connection providing bias current to the reference voltage divider.","Power port",{"Voltage":245,"Current Draw":246},"+5.0 V DC","0.25 mA",{"refDes":171,"name":172,"value":173,"role":248,"description":249,"footprint":174,"specs":250},"Reference Voltage Generation","Upper arm of the midpoint divider that scales the +5.0 V supply down to a 2.50 V threshold.",{"Resistance":229,"Tolerance":230,"Power Rating":231},{"refDes":178,"name":179,"value":173,"role":248,"description":252,"footprint":174,"specs":253},"Lower arm of the midpoint divider connected to ground, fixing the inverting input at 2.50 V.",{"Resistance":229,"Tolerance":230,"Power Rating":231},{"refDes":255,"name":256,"value":257,"role":258,"description":259,"footprint":260,"specs":261},"GND_R2","Divider Ground Port","GND","Circuit Ground Reference","0 V circuit ground reference connection for the input voltage divider network.","Ground port",{"Potential":262,"Net":257},"0.0 V",{"refDes":264,"name":265,"value":164,"role":266,"description":267,"footprint":165,"specs":268},"U1A","Dual Differential Comparator (Channel A)","Precision Voltage Comparison","High-gain bipolar differential comparator with open-collector output and ground-sensing input capability.",{"Supply Range":269,"Input Offset Voltage":270,"Response Time":271,"Output Sink Capability":272},"2.0 V to 36.0 V","2.0 mV typ","1.3 µs typ","16 mA typ",{"refDes":274,"name":275,"value":240,"role":276,"description":277,"footprint":243,"specs":278},"P_VCC2","Comparator Supply Power Port","IC Power Supply","+5.0 V DC power rail supplying operating current to the LM393 dual comparator IC.",{"Voltage":245,"Supply Current":279},"0.8 mA typ",{"refDes":281,"name":282,"value":257,"role":283,"description":284,"footprint":260,"specs":285},"GND_U1","Comparator Ground Port","IC Ground Return","Negative power supply and ground return terminal for the LM393 comparator (Pin 4).",{"Potential":262,"Net":257},{"refDes":287,"name":288,"value":240,"role":289,"description":290,"footprint":243,"specs":291},"P_VCC3","Pull-Up Logic Power Port","Logic Rail Connection","+5.0 V logic rail providing pull-up current for the open-collector output stage.",{"Voltage":245,"Logic Level":292},"5V TTL\u002FCMOS",{"refDes":191,"name":192,"value":193,"role":294,"description":295,"footprint":174,"specs":296},"Output Logic Level Pull-Up","Restores open-collector output to +5.0 V logic high when the internal NPN switch turns OFF.",{"Resistance":297,"Tolerance":230,"Power Rating":231,"Sink Current":298},"4.7 kΩ","1.03 mA",{"refDes":210,"name":300,"value":212,"role":301,"description":302,"footprint":220,"specs":303},"Digital Output Port","Schmitt Trigger Digital Output","Clean, conditioned digital logic output suitable for direct interface with microcontrollers.",{"High-Level Voltage (VOH)":304,"Low-Level Voltage (VOL)":305,"Rise Time":306},"5.0 V","\u003C 150 mV","\u003C 150 ns",{"refDes":308,"name":309,"value":240,"role":310,"description":311,"footprint":243,"specs":312},"P_VCC4","Decoupling Supply Power Port","DC Supply Connection","+5.0 V rail connection feeding the ceramic bypass capacitor.",{"Voltage":245},{"refDes":196,"name":314,"value":198,"role":315,"description":316,"footprint":199,"specs":317},"Supply Bypass Ceramic Capacitor","High-Frequency Power Decoupling","Suppresses high-frequency switching spikes and stabilizes the comparator supply rail.",{"Capacitance":318,"Dielectric":319,"Voltage Rating":320},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","X7R Ceramic","50 V",{"refDes":322,"name":323,"value":257,"role":324,"description":325,"footprint":260,"specs":326},"GND_C1","Bypass Ground Port","High-Frequency AC Return","Localized ground return for high-frequency bypass currents from C1.",{"Potential":262,"Net":257},{"schemaVersion":328,"id":18,"meta":329,"components":336,"nets":432,"junctions":490,"netLabels":507,"wires":508},"1.5",{"title":330,"locale":331,"grid":332,"source":333},"LM393 Voltage Comparator with Hysteresis","en",20,{"type":334,"ref":335,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH (Rev. AH, April 2025), Section 8.2 Typical Application. Single-ended comparator configuration with positive feedback 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amplifier\nsingle-channel inverting amplifier using the texas instruments lm358 dual op-amp providing -3.6 v\u002Fv closed-loop gain from a ±12 v split supply.\nlm358 inverting operational amplifier\nsingle-channel inverting amplifier using the texas instruments lm358 dual op-amp providing -3.6 v\u002Fv closed-loop gain from a ±12 v split supply.\nanalog_sensing\ndual operational amplifier\nlm358p\nu1\ninput series resistor\n10kω\nr1\nfeedback resistor\n36kω\nr2",{"slug":673,"cluster":695,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":696,"voltageSpecification":698,"signalDomain":468,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":702,"shortDescription":703,"bomCount":704,"formulaCount":692,"search":705},"power_supplies",[697,683],"5v",{"kind":699,"value":700,"label":701},"input","10 V nominal (operates from 8 V to 15 V with appropriate R3 sizing)","Input Operating Voltage","TL431 Precision Shunt Voltage Reference","Texas Instruments TL431 programmable precision shunt voltage reference circuit producing 5.0 V nominal from 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