[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":558},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm386-audio-amplifier-gain-20:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":516,"localizationFallbackIssues":517,"related":518,"confirmations":517},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":47,"gotchas":52,"formulas":72,"bom":116,"interactiveElements":164,"circuitJson":214,"svg":512,"relatedSchematicSlugs":513,"relatedComponentSlugs":514,"relatedBoardSlugs":515},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-18",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Claude (draft and CAD redraw); Gemini (independent documentary review against TI SNAS545D); owner publication GO; no bench or native-human claim",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Flm386.pdf","lm386-audio-amplifier-gain-20","LM386 Audio Amplifier with Gain 20","audio_amplifiers","Tier 1","The minimum-parts speaker amplifier from the TI LM386 datasheet: a volume potentiometer, the LM386 at its internal gain of 20, an output capacitor and an RC network driving an 8 Ω speaker from a 9 V battery.","This is Figure 9-1 of the Texas Instruments LM386 datasheet (SNAS545D), the lowest part-count way to drive a speaker with the LM386. The amplifier's gain is fixed internally at 20, so no feedback parts are needed; the inputs are referenced to ground, so the signal can go straight to pin 3 through the volume control; and the output biases itself to half the supply, so a single capacitor couples it to the speaker. A 9 V battery is drawn as the supply; any supply within the datasheet range of 5 V to 12 V works the same way. TI notes that its application circuits are not part of the component specification and that the final design must be validated.","### 1. Input and volume\nThe input signal VIN goes to the top of RV1, a 10 kΩ potentiometer whose other end is grounded. The wiper picks off part of the signal and feeds it to pin 3 (+INPUT). Pin 2 (−INPUT) is connected to ground. Both inputs are biased to ground inside the LM386 through 50 kΩ resistors. Figure 9-1 draws no input coupling capacitor; TI notes that adding one removes input offset problems entirely. Keep the signal at pin 3 within −0.4 V to +0.4 V, the absolute maximum input voltage; turning RV1 down is how this circuit does that.\n\n### 2. Fixed gain of 20\nPins 1 and 8 are left open. In that state the internal 1.35 kΩ resistor sets the voltage gain to 20, which is 26 dB:\n$$A_V = 20,\\quad 20\\log_{10}(20) \\approx 26\\text{ dB}$$\nA capacitor from pin 1 to pin 8 would raise the gain to 200 (46 dB); this circuit does not use it.\n\n### 3. Output bias and coupling to the speaker\nThe output stage biases itself to about half the supply voltage, about 4.5 V with a 9 V battery. C1 blocks that DC level so no steady current flows through the speaker, and passes the audio signal. Its positive terminal faces pin 5. Together with the 8 Ω speaker it forms a high-pass filter with a calculated corner frequency of about 80 Hz:\n$$f_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R_L C_1} = \\frac{1}{2\\pi \\cdot 8\\,\\Omega \\cdot 250\\,\\mu\\text{F}} \\approx 80\\text{ Hz}$$\nFrequencies below the corner reach the speaker attenuated.\n\n### 4. RC network on the output\nC2 (0.05 µF) and R1 (10 Ω) in series run from pin 5 to ground. TI places such a network on the output in most application circuits of the datasheet without describing its purpose. Such a series RC is commonly called a Zobel or Boucherot network: at high frequencies, where the speaker coil's impedance rises, it gives the amplifier a load of about 10 Ω, which helps keep it stable.\n\n### 5. Supply\nThe LM386N-1 operates from 4 V to 12 V, and draws 4 mA typical (8 mA maximum) with no signal at 6 V. TI recommends a capacitor to GND close to pin 6; the datasheet does not give its value and Figure 9-1 does not draw it.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44],{"label":27,"value":28},"Operating Supply Voltage","9V battery as drawn; LM386N-1 operating range 4 V – 12 V (TI §6.5); design table 5 V – 12 V (TI Table 9-1)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Voltage Gain","20 (26 dB) with pins 1 and 8 open (TI §9.2.1.2.1)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Load","8 Ω speaker; design table 4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI Table 9-1)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Output Power","325 mW typical, 250 mW minimum at VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = 10% (LM386N-1); the datasheet does not specify LM386N-1 output power at 9 V",{"label":39,"value":40},"Quiescent Current","4 mA typical, 8 mA maximum at VS = 6 V, VIN = 0 (TI §6.5)",{"label":42,"value":43},"Input Voltage at Pin 3","−0.4 V to +0.4 V (absolute maximum and recommended range)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Low-Frequency Corner","≈ 80 Hz, calculated from C1 = 250 µF and an 8 Ω load; not measured",[48,49,50,51],"AM-FM radio amplifiers","Intercoms","TV sound systems","Battery-powered speaker output for portable audio projects",[53,58,63,67],{"title":54,"trap":55,"solution":56,"severity":57},"Overdriving the Input","The absolute maximum input voltage is ±0.4 V. A headphone or line-level signal can be larger; fed straight to pin 3 it can exceed that rating, and the output clips well before the input reaches it.","Keep RV1 between the source and pin 3 as drawn and start with the volume turned down; keep the signal at pin 3 within ±0.4 V.","critical",{"title":59,"trap":60,"solution":61,"severity":62},"Missing Supply Decoupling","Figure 9-1 draws no capacitor on the supply, but TI recommends one close to pin 6. Without it, long battery leads and supply ripple reach the output as hum or instability.","Add a capacitor from pin 6 to GND right next to the IC (the datasheet does not give a value) and keep the speaker leads short (TI §10, §11.1).","warning",{"title":64,"trap":65,"solution":66,"severity":62},"C1 Fitted Backwards","Pin 5 sits at about half the supply, so C1 has a steady DC voltage across it. An electrolytic fitted the wrong way round is reverse-biased.","Fit C1 with its positive terminal towards pin 5 and the negative terminal towards the speaker, and use a voltage rating above the supply voltage.",{"title":68,"trap":69,"solution":70,"severity":71},"Expecting More Gain","With pins 1 and 8 open the gain is only 20. A weak source such as a microphone will sound quiet.","For a gain of 200, connect a 10 µF capacitor from pin 1 to pin 8 (TI Figure 9-3), and bypass or ground the unused input as TI §9.2.1.2.2 requires at high gain.","info",[73,82,102],{"name":30,"latexOrText":74,"description":75,"variables":76},"A_{V(dB)} = 20\\log_{10}(A_V) = 20\\log_{10}(20) \\approx 26\\text{ dB}","Gain set by the internal 1.35 kΩ resistor with pins 1 and 8 open.",[77],{"symbol":78,"name":79,"typicalValue":80,"unit":81},"A_V","Voltage gain (ratio)","20","V\u002FV",{"name":83,"latexOrText":84,"description":85,"variables":86},"Output Coupling Corner Frequency","f_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R_L C_1}","Frequency below which C1 and the speaker attenuate the signal (−3 dB), treating the speaker as a pure 8 Ω resistance.",[87,92,97],{"symbol":88,"name":89,"typicalValue":90,"unit":91},"R_L","Speaker impedance","8","Ω",{"symbol":93,"name":94,"typicalValue":95,"unit":96},"C_1","Output coupling capacitor","250","µF",{"symbol":98,"name":99,"typicalValue":100,"unit":101},"f_c","Corner frequency (calculated)","80","Hz",{"name":103,"latexOrText":104,"description":105,"variables":106},"Output Bias Voltage","V_{OUT(DC)} \\approx \\frac{V_S}{2}","The output biases itself to about half the supply voltage; C1 blocks this DC level from the speaker.",[107,112],{"symbol":108,"name":109,"typicalValue":110,"unit":111},"V_S","Supply voltage","9","V",{"symbol":113,"name":114,"typicalValue":115,"unit":111},"V_{OUT(DC)}","Output bias voltage","4.5",[117,126,132,139,146,151,157],{"refDes":118,"componentName":119,"value":120,"package":121,"quantity":122,"componentSlug":123,"role":124,"notes":125},"U1","Low-Voltage Audio Power Amplifier","LM386N-1","PDIP-8",1,"lm386","Power amplifier, gain 20","TI LM386N-1\u002FNOPB. LM386N-3 and LM386N-4 share the pinout but have different supply and output-power ratings.",{"refDes":127,"componentName":128,"value":129,"package":130,"quantity":122,"role":131},"RV1","Rotary Potentiometer","10kΩ","Panel \u002F PCB mount","Volume control and input attenuator",{"refDes":133,"componentName":134,"value":135,"package":136,"quantity":122,"role":137,"notes":138},"C1","Aluminium Electrolytic Capacitor","250µF","Radial","Output coupling to the speaker","Datasheet value. 220 µF is the nearest common value and moves the calculated corner to about 90 Hz. Voltage rating above the supply; + towards pin 5.",{"refDes":140,"componentName":141,"value":142,"package":143,"quantity":122,"role":144,"notes":145},"C2","Ceramic or Film Capacitor","0.05µF","Radial \u002F 0805","Output RC network","Datasheet value; 47 nF is the nearest common value.",{"refDes":147,"componentName":148,"value":149,"package":150,"quantity":122,"role":144},"R1","Resistor 1\u002F4 W","10Ω","Axial \u002F 0805",{"refDes":152,"componentName":153,"value":154,"package":155,"quantity":122,"role":33,"notes":156},"LS1","Loudspeaker","8Ω","Wired","4 Ω to 32 Ω per TI Table 9-1.",{"refDes":158,"componentName":159,"value":160,"package":161,"quantity":122,"role":162,"notes":163},"BT1","9 V Battery","9V","PP3 \u002F 6LR61","Supply","Any supply from 5 V to 12 V (TI Table 9-1).",{"BT1":165,"RV1":171,"U1":178,"C1":186,"C2":195,"R1":202,"LS1":208},{"refDes":158,"name":159,"value":160,"role":162,"description":166,"footprint":167,"specs":168},"Supplies VS at pin 6. 9 V lies inside the LM386N-1 operating range of 4 V to 12 V and the 5 V to 12 V of the datasheet design table.","PP3 \u002F 6LR61 battery clip",{"Nominal Voltage":169,"LM386N-1 Supply Range":170},"9 V","4 V – 12 V (TI §6.5)",{"refDes":127,"name":172,"value":129,"role":173,"description":174,"footprint":175,"specs":176},"Volume Potentiometer","Input attenuator","Connected from the input to ground; its wiper sets how much of the input signal reaches pin 3, and therefore the volume. It also keeps pin 3 inside its ±0.4 V input range.","Rotary, panel or PCB mount",{"Resistance":177},"10 kΩ (TI Figure 9-1)",{"refDes":118,"name":179,"value":120,"role":124,"description":180,"componentSlug":123,"footprint":121,"specs":181},"LM386 Audio Power Amplifier","With pins 1 and 8 open the internal 1.35 kΩ resistor sets the voltage gain to 20 (26 dB). The inputs are referenced to ground and the output biases itself to half the supply. Pin 2 is grounded; pin 7 (BYPASS) is left open as in the datasheet circuit.",{"Voltage Gain":182,"Quiescent Current":183,"Output Power":184,"Input Voltage":185},"20 (26 dB), pins 1 and 8 open","4 mA typical, 8 mA maximum at VS = 6 V (TI §6.5)","325 mW typical at VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = 10% (LM386N-1)","−0.4 V to +0.4 V",{"refDes":133,"name":187,"value":135,"role":188,"description":189,"footprint":190,"specs":191},"Output Coupling Capacitor","Blocks the DC output bias from the speaker","The output sits at about half the supply voltage. C1 passes the audio signal to the speaker while blocking that DC level; with the 8 Ω speaker it sets a calculated low-frequency corner of about 80 Hz. Its positive terminal faces pin 5.","Radial electrolytic",{"Capacitance":192,"Polarity":193,"Voltage Rating":194},"250 µF (TI Figure 9-1)","+ to pin 5","Above the 9 V supply",{"refDes":140,"name":196,"value":142,"role":197,"description":198,"footprint":199,"specs":200},"Output Network Capacitor","Series RC network at the output","With R1 forms the series RC network from pin 5 to ground that TI uses on the output in most of the datasheet's application circuits.","Ceramic or film",{"Capacitance":201},"0.05 µF (50 nF) (TI Figure 9-1)",{"refDes":147,"name":203,"value":149,"role":197,"description":204,"footprint":205,"specs":206},"Output Network Resistor","With C2 forms the series RC network from pin 5 to ground. At high frequencies it gives the output a load of about 10 Ω.","Axial 1\u002F4 W",{"Resistance":207},"10 Ω (TI Figure 9-1)",{"refDes":152,"name":153,"value":154,"role":33,"description":209,"footprint":210,"specs":211},"An 8 Ω speaker between C1 and ground. The datasheet design tables give 4 Ω to 32 Ω loads; the recommended minimum speaker impedance is 4 Ω.","Wired speaker",{"Impedance":212,"Allowed Range":213},"8 Ω","4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI Table 9-1)",{"schemaVersion":215,"id":216,"meta":217,"components":224,"nets":318,"junctions":383,"netLabels":389,"wires":390},"1.5","lm386_gain_20",{"title":218,"locale":219,"grid":220,"source":221},"LM386 Audio Amplifier, Gain 20","en",20,{"type":222,"ref":223,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments LM386 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier, SNAS545D, revised August 2023: §9.2.1 Figure 9-1 \"LM386 with Gain = 20\" (p. 10), Table 9-1; §6 (pp. 4–5); §10 (p. 17). Adaptation: 9 V battery as the supply (Table 9-1: 5 V to 12 V), 8 Ω speaker (Table 9-1: 4 Ω to 32 Ω).",[225,232,240,249,257,263,268,276,282,288,294,299,306,313],{"id":226,"symbolId":227,"refDes":158,"position":228,"rotation":230,"properties":231},"comp-bt1","battery.cell",{"x":220,"y":229},40,0,{"value":160},{"id":233,"symbolId":234,"refDes":235,"position":236,"rotation":230,"properties":238},"comp-gnd-bt1","gnd.port","P_GND_BT1",{"x":220,"y":237},140,{"value":239},"GND",{"id":241,"symbolId":242,"refDes":243,"position":244,"rotation":230,"properties":247},"comp-j1","port.input","J1",{"x":245,"y":246},100,160,{"value":248},"VIN",{"id":250,"symbolId":251,"refDes":127,"position":252,"rotation":255,"properties":256},"comp-rv1","potentiometer.iec",{"x":253,"y":254},200,260,270,{"value":129},{"id":258,"symbolId":234,"refDes":259,"position":260,"rotation":230,"properties":262},"comp-gnd-rv1","P_GND_RV1",{"x":253,"y":261},280,{"value":239},{"id":264,"symbolId":234,"refDes":265,"position":266,"rotation":230,"properties":267},"comp-gnd-u1-2","P_GND_IN",{"x":254,"y":246},{"value":239},{"id":269,"symbolId":270,"refDes":118,"position":271,"rotation":230,"properties":273},"comp-u1","ic.audio.lm386",{"x":272,"y":245},300,{"value":120,"package":121,"manufacturer":274,"mpn":275},"Texas 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text-anchor=\"middle\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', Consolas, 'Liberation Mono', monospace\" font-size=\"11\">250µF\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Cg class=\"comp-interactive\" data-refdes=\"C2\" id=\"elem-c2\" cursor=\"pointer\">\u003Cg transform=\"translate(500,200) rotate(90)\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#2e2e2c\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-linecap=\"round\" stroke-linejoin=\"round\">\u003Crect x=\"-4\" y=\"-4\" width=\"88\" height=\"48\" fill=\"transparent\" stroke=\"transparent\" pointer-events=\"all\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"0\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"32\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"32\" y2=\"34\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"48\" y1=\"6\" x2=\"48\" y2=\"34\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003Cline x1=\"48\" y1=\"20\" x2=\"80\" y2=\"20\" fill=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fg>\u003Ctext x=\"504\" y=\"236.4\" text-anchor=\"start\" fill=\"#18181a\" stroke=\"none\" font-family=\"'Space Mono', 'SFMono-Regular', 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font-size=\"11\">GND\u003C\u002Ftext>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[],[123],[],"canonical",null,[519,533,545],{"slug":520,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":521,"voltageSpecification":524,"signalDomain":527,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":528,"shortDescription":529,"bomCount":530,"formulaCount":531,"search":532},"lm386-bass-boost-amplifier",[522,523],"5v","12v",{"kind":525,"value":526,"label":27},"supply","9 V battery as drawn; 5 V to 12 V design range (TI Table 9-5)","analog","LM386 Audio Amplifier with Bass Boost","TI Figure 9-9 redrawn as an editable LM386 bass-boost amplifier: a 10 kΩ and 33 nF feedback branch, volume control and an 8 Ω speaker powered from a 9 V battery.",9,3,"lm386 audio amplifier with bass boost\nti figure 9-9 redrawn as an editable lm386 bass-boost amplifier: a 10 kω and 33 nf feedback branch, volume control and an 8 ω speaker powered from a 9 v battery.\nlm386 audio amplifier with bass boost\nti figure 9-9 redrawn as an editable lm386 bass-boost amplifier: a 10 kω and 33 nf feedback branch, volume control and an 8 ω speaker powered from a 9 v battery.\nlm386 audio amplifier with bass boost\nti figure 9-9 redrawn as an editable lm386 bass-boost amplifier: a 10 kω and 33 nf feedback branch, volume control and an 8 ω speaker powered from a 9 v battery.\naudio_amplifiers\nlow-voltage audio power amplifier\nlm386n-1\nu1\nrotary potentiometer\n10kω\nrv1\naluminium electrolytic capacitor\n250µf\nc1\nceramic or film capacitor\n0.05µf\nc2\nresistor 1\u002F4 w\n10ω\nr1\nloudspeaker\n8ω\nls1\n9 v battery\n9v\nbt1\nfeedback resistor\n10kω\nr2\nfeedback capacitor\n0.033µf\nc3",{"slug":534,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":535,"voltageSpecification":537,"signalDomain":527,"breadboardFriendly":540,"title":541,"shortDescription":542,"bomCount":530,"formulaCount":543,"search":544},"ne5532-ultra-low-noise-inverting-mic-preamp",[523,536],"dual_rail",{"kind":525,"value":538,"label":539},"±15 V symmetrical split supply (±3 V to ±20 V)","Power Supply Rails (V+ \u002F V-)",false,"NE5532 Ultra-Low-Noise Inverting Microphone Preamplifier","Single-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the Texas Instruments NE5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 dB closed-loop gain, input DC blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.",4,"ne5532 ultra-low-noise inverting microphone preamplifier\nsingle-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the texas instruments ne5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 db closed-loop gain, input dc blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.\nne5532 ultra-low-noise inverting microphone preamplifier\nsingle-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the texas instruments ne5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 db closed-loop gain, input dc blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.\nne5532 ultra-low-noise inverting microphone preamplifier\nsingle-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the texas instruments ne5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 db closed-loop gain, input dc blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.\naudio_amplifiers\ndual low-noise high-speed audio operational amplifier\nne5532p\nu1\ninput series resistor\n1kω\nr1\nclosed-loop feedback resistor\n47kω\nr2\nnon-inverting input dc bias resistor\n1kω\nr3\noutput cable isolation resistor\n47ω\nr4\ninput ac coupling capacitor\n10µf\nc1\nfeedback phase compensation capacitor\n47pf\nc2\nnon-inverting bias ac bypass capacitor\n10µf\nc3\noutput ac coupling capacitor\n10µf\nc6",{"slug":546,"cluster":547,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":548,"voltageSpecification":550,"signalDomain":553,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":554,"shortDescription":555,"bomCount":556,"formulaCount":543,"search":557},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[549,522,523],"3.3v",{"kind":525,"value":551,"label":552},"+12.0 V DC nominal (+10.8 V to +13.2 V operating range)","Relay Supply Voltage (VLOAD)","digital","2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A NPN BJT Relay Driver with 1N4007 Flyback Clamping Diode","Discrete NPN bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1N4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3V\u002F5V MCU control.",7,"2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nnpn general purpose bipolar transistor\n2n2222a\nq1\ngeneral purpose rectifier \u002F clamp diode\n1n4007\nd1\nsubminiature spdt signal \u002F power relay\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nbase current-limiting resistor 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nbase pull-down bleeder resistor 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\nhigh-frequency ceramic decoupling mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\nbulk aluminum electrolytic decoupling\n47µf 25v\nc2",1793836432286]