[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":1001},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:l293d-dual-h-bridge-dc-motor-driver:en":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":961,"localizationFallbackIssues":962,"related":963,"confirmations":962},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":55,"formulas":74,"bom":168,"interactiveElements":217,"circuitJson":362,"svg":959,"relatedComponentSlugs":960},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Texas Instruments SLRS008D Rev. D January 2016; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Fl293d.pdf","l293d-dual-h-bridge-dc-motor-driver","L293D Dual H-Bridge DC Motor Driver","microcontroller_interfaces","Tier 1","Complete dual bidirectional DC motor driver schematic using the Texas Instruments L293D quadruple half-H driver IC with independent PWM speed and direction control.","The L293D dual H-bridge DC motor driver schematic provides independent bidirectional speed and directional control for two DC brush motors or one 4-wire bipolar stepper motor. Operating with dual power rails, it separates low-noise 5V microcontroller logic (VCC1) from higher-voltage 4.5V to 36V inductive motor supplies (VCC2). Each full H-bridge consists of two push-pull driver channels with internal high-speed clamp diodes (flyback diodes) integrated on-chip to suppress inductive voltage kickback during pulse-width modulation (PWM) switching and sudden reversals. The monolithic driver integrates thermal shutdown and internal cross-conduction shoot-through protection, while external ceramic snubbers (C4, C5) placed directly across the motor terminals attenuate high-frequency brush commutation arcing and RF interference.","### 1. Dual H-Bridge Output Stage Topology and Bipolar Darlington Conduction\nEach half-H driver channel inside U1 employs an NPN Darlington pull-up transistor pair and an NPN common-emitter pull-down transistor. When driving a motor terminal HIGH, output current flows from the motor supply VCC2 through the upper Darlington pair into the load. Due to the two series base-emitter and collector-emitter junctions in the Darlington configuration, the high-side saturation voltage drop ranges between 1.2V and 1.8V. Simultaneously, the low-side pull-down transistor sinks the motor current from the opposite terminal to ground, incurring a low-side saturation drop of 1.0V to 1.5V. Consequently, the effective voltage delivered to the motor terminals is reduced by the cumulative two-transistor saturation loss:\n\n$$V_{M} = V_{CC2} - V_{CE(sat,high)} - V_{CE(sat,low)} \\approx V_{CC2} - 2.6\\text{V}$$\n\n### 2. Directional Logic Matrix and Bidirectional Commutation\nMotor 1 is connected differentially between output pins 1Y (Pin 3) and 2Y (Pin 6). Directional rotation is dictated by complementary TTL logic levels on inputs 1A (Pin 2) and 2A (Pin 7) while enable pin 1,2EN (Pin 1) is asserted HIGH:\n- Forward Rotation: Setting 1A = HIGH and 2A = LOW drives 1Y HIGH (~VCC2 - 1.4V) and 2Y LOW (~1.2V), establishing forward current flow from Pin 3 through Motor 1 to Pin 6.\n- Reverse Rotation: Setting 1A = LOW and 2A = HIGH drives 1Y LOW and 2Y HIGH, reversing terminal polarity and reversing motor rotation.\n- Active Dynamic Braking: Setting both inputs to identical logic levels (1A = HIGH, 2A = HIGH or 1A = LOW, 2A = LOW) clamps both motor terminals to the same potential, dissipating motor back-EMF into low-impedance paths and rapidly braking rotor rotation.\n\n### 3. Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) Speed Control and Freewheel Coasting\nContinuous motor torque and rotational velocity regulation is achieved by injecting a pulse-width modulated (PWM) digital waveform into enable pin 1,2EN (for Motor 1) or 3,4EN (for Motor 2) at typical frequencies of 1 kHz to 10 kHz. When the enable pin transitions to logic LOW, both half-H push-pull output stages enter a high-impedance (Hi-Z) tri-state mode, effectively disconnecting the motor from both VCC2 and ground. The motor coasts freely while circulating armature currents decay through internal clamp diodes. The effective average terminal voltage scales proportionally with duty cycle:\n\n$$V_{avg} = D \\cdot (V_{CC2} - 2.6\\text{V}) = \\frac{t_{on}}{T} \\cdot (V_{CC2} - 2.6\\text{V})$$\n\n### 4. Internal Clamping Diodes and Inductive Kickback Suppression\nDirect-current permanent-magnet motors represent complex inductive loads described by winding inductance L and back-electromotive force constant Ke. When driver transistors switch abruptly from ON to OFF, the collapsing magnetic field inside the motor windings induces an instantaneous inductive flyback spike (\\(V = -L \\cdot \\frac{di}{dt}\\)). In the L293D, integrated internal clamping diodes bridge each output channel to both VCC2 and GND:\n- If an output spikes above VCC2, the high-side diode forward-biases, clamping the terminal to \\(V_{CC2} + V_F\\) (typically VCC2 + 1.2V).\n- If an output swings below ground, the low-side diode forward-biases, clamping the terminal to \\(-V_F\\) (typically -1.2V).\nThis recirculation prevents bipolar collector-base avalanche breakdown. Parallel ceramic capacitors C4 and C5 (100nF) located directly across the motor terminals provide a localized low-impedance bypass for high-frequency brush commutation noise.\n\n### 5. Dual Power Rails, Cross-Conduction Protection, and Decoupling Strategy\nTo isolate sensitive microcontroller digital logic from violent motor switching transients, U1 features separated power inputs: VCC1 (Pin 16) powers internal TTL input comparators, logic buffers, and thermal sensors, decoupled by ceramic capacitor C1 (100nF). VCC2 (Pin 8) supplies exclusively the high-current output stages, decoupled by parallel bulk electrolytic capacitor C2 (100µF, absorbing surge currents and ripple) and high-frequency ceramic capacitor C3 (100nF, shunting fast dI\u002Fdt edge harmonics). Internal cross-conduction interlocking prevents top and bottom transistors in the same half-H column from conducting simultaneously, eliminating catastrophic shoot-through current spikes during logic switching transitions.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Logic Supply Voltage (VCC1)","4.5V to 7.0V DC (Nominal 5.0V TTL\u002FCMOS Compatible)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Motor Supply Voltage (VCC2)","4.5V to 36.0V DC (Independent High-Current Rail)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Continuous Output Current (per channel)","600 mA continuous \u002F 1.2 A peak non-repetitive surge (\u003C100 µs)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Internal Clamping Flyback Diodes","Integrated on-chip (600 mA continuous, 1.2 A peak surge rating)",{"label":39,"value":40},"Total Saturation Voltage Drop","Typ. 2.6V (High-side Darlington 1.4V + Low-side NPN 1.2V at 600mA)",{"label":42,"value":43},"Thermal Resistance (Junction-to-Ambient)","67°C\u002FW (DIP-16 with heatsink pins 4, 5, 12, 13 soldered to PCB ground pour)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Maximum Operating Junction Temperature","+150°C (Internal thermal shutdown triggers typically at +165°C)",{"label":48,"value":49},"Recommended PWM Modulation Frequency","1 kHz to 10 kHz (Acoustic and switching efficiency optimized)",[51,52,53,54],"Differential two-wheel drive robotics and autonomous mobile platform navigation","Bidirectional DC motor actuators, linear screw drives, and pan-tilt servo mechanisms","4-wire bipolar stepper motor phase driving in 3D printers, CNC axis, and camera sliders","PWM speed regulation for 12V automotive cooling fans, micro-pumps, and solenoid valves",[56,61,66,70],{"title":57,"trap":58,"solution":59,"severity":60},"Significant Internal Darlington Saturation Voltage Loss","Applying a 12V motor supply (VCC2) only produces approximately 9.4V across the motor terminals under a 600mA load. Beginners frequently mistake this standard 2.6V Darlington drop for insufficient motor power supply capacity or defective motors.","Compensate motor supply voltage by sizing VCC2 equal to the required motor rated voltage plus 2.5V to 3.0V (e.g., supply 14.5V to 15V for a 12V rated motor), or upgrade to a modern low-RDS(on) DMOS\u002FCMOS driver (such as DRV8833 or TB6612FNG) for ultra-low voltage loss.","warning",{"title":62,"trap":63,"solution":64,"severity":65},"Excessive Power Dissipation Requiring PCB Ground Pour Heat Sinking","Driving two DC motors at 500mA continuously from a 12V rail dissipates over 2.6W of thermal power inside U1. Without adequate copper heatsinking, internal thermal shutdown triggers within seconds, cutting motor torque intermittently.","Solder ground pins 4, 5, 12, and 13 directly to a wide, unbroken copper ground plane (minimum 10 cm² on double-sided 1 oz copper) or attach an external DIP-16 copper clip-on heatsink. Maintain total package power below 1.5W in free air at 25°C ambient.","critical",{"title":67,"trap":68,"solution":69,"severity":65},"Motor Stall Current Exceeding the 600mA Continuous Limit","Small DC motors specified at 200mA nominal no-load current can easily draw 1.5A to 3.0A when stalled under mechanical load or during abrupt full-speed reversal. Exceeding the 1.2A absolute peak limit blows the internal bond wires or Darlington junctions permanently.","Measure the stall current of the motor (V_motor \u002F R_winding) before designing. If stall current exceeds 1.0A, implement software current limiting via PWM soft-start ramping, insert a series PTC resettable fuse (650mA hold), or use an external current-sense resistor.",{"title":71,"trap":72,"solution":73,"severity":60},"Separate Logic (VCC1) and Motor (VCC2) Power Decoupling","Powering logic VCC1 and motor VCC2 from the same unregulated supply line without adequate filtering causes inductive switching noise to inject into microcontroller resets and brownout detectors.","Always power VCC1 from a clean, regulated 5V rail decoupled with a 100nF ceramic capacitor adjacent to Pin 16. Power VCC2 from a dedicated motor battery or bulk power rail buffered with a minimum 100µF electrolytic capacitor and a 100nF ceramic capacitor directly at Pin 8.",[75,93,126,148],{"name":76,"latexOrText":77,"description":78,"variables":79},"Effective Motor Terminal Voltage","V_{M} = V_{CC2} - (V_{CE(sat,H)} + V_{CE(sat,L)}) = V_{CC2} - V_{drop}","Calculates the real differential voltage delivered across the motor terminals after accounting for the high-side Darlington and low-side NPN transistor saturation drops.",[80,85,89],{"symbol":81,"name":82,"typicalValue":83,"unit":84},"V_{M}","Effective motor differential terminal voltage","9.4","V",{"symbol":86,"name":87,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},"V_{CC2}","Motor power supply voltage","12.0",{"symbol":90,"name":91,"typicalValue":92,"unit":84},"V_{drop}","Total driver saturation voltage drop (high-side + low-side)","2.6",{"name":94,"latexOrText":95,"description":96,"variables":97},"Total Driver Power Dissipation","P_{total} = (V_{drop} \\cdot I_{load1} + V_{drop} \\cdot I_{load2}) + (V_{CC1} \\cdot I_{CC1}) + (V_{CC2} \\cdot I_{CC2})","Calculates internal electrical power converted into heat inside the L293D package, dominated by the conduction losses in the active H-bridge output transistors.",[98,103,105,110,113,117,121,122],{"symbol":99,"name":100,"typicalValue":101,"unit":102},"P_{total}","Total package internal thermal dissipation","2.85","W",{"symbol":90,"name":104,"typicalValue":92,"unit":84},"Total bridge saturation drop",{"symbol":106,"name":107,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"I_{load1}","Continuous operating current of Motor 1","0.5","A",{"symbol":111,"name":112,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"I_{load2}","Continuous operating current of Motor 2",{"symbol":114,"name":115,"typicalValue":116,"unit":84},"V_{CC1}","Logic supply rail voltage","5.0",{"symbol":118,"name":119,"typicalValue":120,"unit":109},"I_{CC1}","Total quiescent logic supply current","0.040",{"symbol":86,"name":87,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},{"symbol":123,"name":124,"typicalValue":125,"unit":109},"I_{CC2}","Output stage quiescent drive current","0.004",{"name":127,"latexOrText":128,"description":129,"variables":130},"Junction Temperature Rise","T_J = T_A + (P_{total} \\cdot R_{\\theta JA})","Predicts the silicon die operating temperature based on total package power dissipation, ambient temperature, and PCB ground plane thermal heatsinking resistance.",[131,136,140,143],{"symbol":132,"name":133,"typicalValue":134,"unit":135},"T_J","Calculated silicon junction temperature","115.0","°C",{"symbol":137,"name":138,"typicalValue":139,"unit":135},"T_A","Ambient operating temperature","25.0",{"symbol":99,"name":141,"typicalValue":142,"unit":102},"Total package power dissipation","1.35",{"symbol":144,"name":145,"typicalValue":146,"unit":147},"R_{\\theta JA}","Thermal resistance junction-to-ambient with PCB heatsink pour","67.0","°C\u002FW",{"name":149,"latexOrText":150,"description":151,"variables":152},"PWM Average Motor Voltage","V_{avg} = D \\cdot V_{M} = \\frac{t_{on}}{T} \\cdot (V_{CC2} - V_{drop})","Determines the mean DC voltage delivered to the motor armature as a function of the PWM duty cycle D applied to the channel enable pin.",[153,157,162,164,166],{"symbol":154,"name":155,"typicalValue":156,"unit":84},"V_{avg}","Effective average DC motor voltage","4.7",{"symbol":158,"name":159,"typicalValue":160,"unit":161},"D","PWM duty cycle ratio (0.0 to 1.0)","0.50","ratio",{"symbol":81,"name":163,"typicalValue":83,"unit":84},"Full conduction motor terminal voltage",{"symbol":86,"name":165,"typicalValue":88,"unit":84},"Motor supply rail voltage",{"symbol":90,"name":167,"typicalValue":92,"unit":84},"Total saturation voltage drop across H-bridge",[169,178,185,189,196,203,208,213],{"refDes":170,"componentName":171,"value":172,"package":173,"quantity":174,"componentSlug":175,"role":176,"notes":177},"U1","Quadruple Half-H Driver IC with Internal Clamp Diodes","L293D","PDIP-16",1,"l293d","Dual H-Bridge Inductive Driver","Texas Instruments L293DNE; 600mA\u002Fchannel continuous, 1.2A peak, 4.5V-36V motor supply with internal clamp diodes.",{"refDes":179,"componentName":180,"value":181,"package":182,"quantity":174,"role":183,"notes":184},"M1","DC Brushed Motor 1","12V DC Motor","Custom","Actuator Motor Channel 1 & 2","Standard 12V permanent magnet brushed DC motor, nominal load current \u003C= 500mA.",{"refDes":186,"componentName":187,"value":181,"package":182,"quantity":174,"role":188,"notes":184},"M2","DC Brushed Motor 2","Actuator Motor Channel 3 & 4",{"refDes":190,"componentName":191,"value":192,"package":193,"quantity":174,"role":194,"notes":195},"C1","Ceramic Decoupling Capacitor","100nF","0805","Logic Supply VCC1 Decoupling","Murata GRM21BR71E104KA01L; 100nF 25V X7R ceramic, placed directly adjacent to U1 Pin 16.",{"refDes":197,"componentName":198,"value":199,"package":200,"quantity":174,"role":201,"notes":202},"C2","Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor","100µF","Radial","Motor Supply VCC2 Bulk Reservoir","Nichicon UVR1E101MDD; 100µF 25V radial electrolytic, absorbs motor inrush currents and switching ripple.",{"refDes":204,"componentName":205,"value":192,"package":193,"quantity":174,"role":206,"notes":207},"C3","Ceramic Bypass Capacitor","Motor Supply VCC2 High-Frequency Shunt","Murata GRM21BR71H104KA01L; 100nF 50V X7R ceramic, shunts high dI\u002Fdt switching transients at U1 Pin 8.",{"refDes":209,"componentName":210,"value":192,"package":193,"quantity":174,"role":211,"notes":212},"C4","Motor 1 Snubber Capacitor","Commutation Noise Suppression","Murata GRM21BR71H104KA01L; 100nF 50V X7R ceramic, soldered directly across Motor 1 terminals.",{"refDes":214,"componentName":215,"value":192,"package":193,"quantity":174,"role":211,"notes":216},"C5","Motor 2 Snubber Capacitor","Murata GRM21BR71H104KA01L; 100nF 50V X7R ceramic, soldered directly across Motor 2 terminals.",{"U1":218,"M1":231,"M2":239,"C1":244,"C2":253,"C3":261,"C4":267,"C5":272,"P1":276,"P2":285,"P3":293,"P4":300,"P5":307,"P6":314,"P7":321,"P8":329,"P9":337,"P10":345,"P11":351,"P12":356},{"refDes":170,"name":219,"value":220,"role":221,"description":222,"componentSlug":175,"footprint":223,"specs":224},"L293D Quadruple Half-H Driver","L293DNE","Dual H-Bridge Driver IC","Monolithic integrated circuit containing two independent full H-bridges (four push-pull channels) with internal high-voltage clamp diodes for inductive loads.","PDIP-16 (NE) \u002F SOIC-16 (DW)",{"Motor Supply (VCC2)":225,"Logic Supply (VCC1)":226,"Continuous Current":227,"Peak Output Current":228,"Clamp Diodes":229,"Total Saturation Drop":230},"4.5V to 36V","4.5V to 7.0V","600 mA \u002F channel","1.2 A \u002F channel","Integrated On-Chip","Typ. 2.6V at 600mA",{"refDes":179,"name":180,"value":232,"role":233,"description":234,"footprint":235,"specs":236},"12V DC","Primary Load Motor","Bidirectional brushed permanent magnet DC motor driven across H-bridge outputs 1Y (Pin 3) and 2Y (Pin 6).","Custom \u002F Lead Wires",{"Nominal Operating Voltage":232,"Operating Current":237,"Control Interface":238},"\u003C= 500 mA","Differential 1Y \u002F 2Y",{"refDes":186,"name":187,"value":232,"role":240,"description":241,"footprint":235,"specs":242},"Secondary Load Motor","Bidirectional brushed permanent magnet DC motor driven across H-bridge outputs 3Y (Pin 11) and 4Y (Pin 14).",{"Nominal Operating Voltage":232,"Operating Current":237,"Control Interface":243},"Differential 3Y \u002F 4Y",{"refDes":190,"name":245,"value":192,"role":246,"description":247,"footprint":248,"specs":249},"Logic Decoupling Capacitor","VCC1 High-Frequency Filter","Low-ESR ceramic capacitor suppressing digital logic switching transients and preventing false comparator triggering.","0805 SMD \u002F Radial 2.54mm",{"Capacitance":250,"Voltage Rating":251,"Dielectric":252},"100 nF","25V","X7R Ceramic",{"refDes":197,"name":254,"value":199,"role":255,"description":256,"footprint":257,"specs":258},"Motor Bulk Reservoir Capacitor","VCC2 Low-Frequency Bulk Filter","Electrolytic reservoir capacitor absorbing motor starting surge currents and damping inductive rail bounce.","Radial 5.0mm Lead Pitch",{"Capacitance":259,"Voltage Rating":251,"Type":260},"100 µF","Aluminum Electrolytic",{"refDes":204,"name":262,"value":192,"role":263,"description":264,"footprint":248,"specs":265},"Motor Rail Bypass Capacitor","VCC2 High-Frequency Decoupling","Ceramic capacitor mounted directly at Pin 8 to shunt high dI\u002Fdt switching spikes caused by PWM chopping.",{"Capacitance":250,"Voltage Rating":266,"Dielectric":252},"50V",{"refDes":209,"name":268,"value":192,"role":269,"description":270,"footprint":248,"specs":271},"Motor 1 Snubber Filter","Arc Suppression & EMI Filter","Ceramic capacitor connected across Motor 1 terminals to suppress mechanical brush arcing and RF emissions.",{"Capacitance":250,"Voltage Rating":266,"Dielectric":252},{"refDes":214,"name":273,"value":192,"role":269,"description":274,"footprint":248,"specs":275},"Motor 2 Snubber Filter","Ceramic capacitor connected across Motor 2 terminals to suppress mechanical brush arcing and RF emissions.",{"Capacitance":250,"Voltage Rating":266,"Dielectric":252},{"refDes":277,"name":278,"value":279,"role":280,"description":281,"specs":282},"P1","Enable Input 1,2EN","EN1","Motor 1 PWM \u002F Enable Control","Active-HIGH enable input controlling driver channels 1 and 2. Can be driven with PWM signal for Motor 1 speed control.",{"Logic High Voltage":283,"Logic Low Voltage":284},"2.3V to VCC1","-0.3V to 1.5V",{"refDes":286,"name":287,"value":288,"role":289,"description":290,"specs":291},"P2","Direction Input 1A","IN1","Driver Channel 1 Input","Digital TTL logic input controlling polarity of output 1Y (Pin 3).",{"Logic Level":292},"5V TTL\u002FCMOS",{"refDes":294,"name":295,"value":296,"role":297,"description":298,"specs":299},"P3","Direction Input 2A","IN2","Driver Channel 2 Input","Digital TTL logic input controlling polarity of output 2Y (Pin 6).",{"Logic Level":292},{"refDes":301,"name":302,"value":303,"role":304,"description":305,"specs":306},"P4","Enable Input 3,4EN","EN2","Motor 2 PWM \u002F Enable Control","Active-HIGH enable input controlling driver channels 3 and 4. Can be driven with PWM signal for Motor 2 speed control.",{"Logic High Voltage":283,"Logic Low Voltage":284},{"refDes":308,"name":309,"value":310,"role":311,"description":312,"specs":313},"P5","Direction Input 3A","IN3","Driver Channel 3 Input","Digital TTL logic input controlling polarity of output 3Y (Pin 11).",{"Logic Level":292},{"refDes":315,"name":316,"value":317,"role":318,"description":319,"specs":320},"P6","Direction Input 4A","IN4","Driver Channel 4 Input","Digital TTL logic input controlling polarity of output 4Y (Pin 14).",{"Logic Level":292},{"refDes":322,"name":323,"value":324,"role":325,"description":326,"specs":327},"P7","Logic Power Rail","+5V","VCC1 Internal Logic Supply","Regulated 5V DC power source feeding internal logic comparators and control gates.",{"Nominal Voltage":328},"5.0V DC",{"refDes":330,"name":331,"value":332,"role":333,"description":334,"specs":335},"P8","Motor Power Rail","+12V","VCC2 Output Driver Supply","High-current motor power source (4.5V to 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control.",7,4,"2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nnpn general purpose bipolar transistor\n2n2222a\nq1\ngeneral purpose rectifier \u002F clamp diode\n1n4007\nd1\nsubminiature spdt signal \u002F power relay\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nbase current-limiting resistor 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nbase pull-down bleeder resistor 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\nhigh-frequency ceramic decoupling mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\nbulk aluminum electrolytic decoupling\n47µf 25v\nc2",{"slug":981,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":982,"voltageSpecification":983,"signalDomain":974,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":986,"shortDescription":987,"bomCount":988,"formulaCount":978,"search":989},"bss138-bidirectional-i2c-level-shifter",[967,968],{"kind":971,"value":984,"label":985},"+3.3 V DC nominal (+1.65 V to +3.6 V operating range)","Low-Voltage Supply (VDD1)","BSS138 Bidirectional I2C 3.3V to 5V Level Shifter","Bidirectional I2C bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3V and 5V logic domains using two onsemi BSS138 N-channel MOSFETs with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.",8,"bss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq1\nn-channel logic-level mosfet\nbss138\nq2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr1\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr2\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr3\nsmd chip resistor\n10kω\nr4\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc1\nmultilayer ceramic capacitor\n100nf\nc2",{"slug":991,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":992,"voltageSpecification":993,"signalDomain":974,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":997,"shortDescription":998,"bomCount":988,"formulaCount":999,"search":1000},"esp32-auto-reset-flashing-circuit",[967],{"kind":994,"value":995,"label":996},"logic","3.3 V (VDD33 on the DevKitC V4)","Operating Logic Level","ESP32 Auto-Reset & Boot Flashing Circuit","Dual-transistor auto-download circuit driving ESP32 EN and IO0 boot strapping pins via USB-to-UART DTR and RTS lines.",3,"esp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nesp32 auto-reset & boot flashing circuit\ndual-transistor auto-download circuit driving esp32 en and io0 boot strapping pins via usb-to-uart dtr and rts lines.\nesp32 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