[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":649},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:ne555-astable-square-wave-generator:pt":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":606,"localizationFallbackIssues":607,"related":608,"confirmations":607},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":47,"gotchas":52,"formulas":63,"bom":106,"interactiveElements":153,"circuitJson":202,"svg":602,"relatedSchematicSlugs":603,"relatedComponentSlugs":604,"relatedBoardSlugs":605},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-13",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Codex (documentary engineering review against TI SLFS022K; owner authorized publication on 2026-10-13; no physical bench test)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Fne555.pdf","ne555-astable-square-wave-generator","Gerador astável de onda quadrada com NE555","timing_oscillators","Tier 1","Oscilador de relaxação padrão da indústria que gera pulsos de clock de precisão, tons de áudio e ondas quadradas de frequência ajustável.","O temporizador NE555 em configuração astável opera como um oscilador de relaxação autônomo baseado em dois comparadores internos de tensão, um flip-flop SR e um transistor de descarga NPN de coletor aberto no pino 7. Operando de forma totalmente autônoma sem pulsos de clock externos, o circuito carrega e descarrega alternadamente o capacitor de temporização C1 entre 1\u002F3 VCC e 2\u002F3 VCC, produzindo uma onda quadrada digital contínua no Pin 3.","1. Fase de carga (Saída HIGH): Inicialmente o capacitor C1 está descarregado. Ao aplicar alimentação, a tensão no Pin 2 (TRIGGER) está abaixo de 1\u002F3 VCC, acionando o comparador inferior que seta o flip-flop interno. A saída Pin 3 (OUTPUT) passa para HIGH; sua tensão depende da alimentação e da carga, e o transistor interno de descarga (Pin 7) desliga (OFF). A corrente de VCC flui através de R1 e R2 para C1. C1 carrega exponencialmente em direção a VCC com constante de tempo tau_carga = (R1 + R2) * C1.\n\n2. Cruzamento do limiar superior (Threshold): Quando a tensão em C1 atinge 2\u002F3 VCC, o Pin 6 (THRESHOLD) dispara o comparador superior interno. Isso reseta o flip-flop: o Pin 3 comuta bruscamente para nível LOW (próximo ao GND) e o transistor interno de descarga liga (ON), conectando o Pin 7 ao terra.\n\n3. Fase de descarga (Saída LOW): Com o Pin 7 conectado ao terra pelo transistor interno NPN de coletor aberto, a corrente de VCC através de R1 drena diretamente para o terra, enquanto o capacitor C1 descarrega estritamente através do resistor R2 para o Pin 7 com constante de tempo tau_descarga = R2 * C1. A tensão em C1 decai exponencialmente para o terra até 1\u002F3 VCC.\n\n4. Repetição do ciclo: Quando a tensão em C1 cai abaixo de 1\u002F3 VCC, o Pin 2 (TRIGGER) detecta o nível baixo, acionando o flip-flop novamente: o Pin 3 vai para HIGH, o Pin 7 desliga e C1 recarrega. Esse ciclo auto-oscilante repete-se continuamente.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44],{"label":27,"value":28},"Faixa de tensão de alimentação operacional","4,5–16 V DC (Texas Instruments NE555; o circuito mostrado usa +5 V)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Corrente máxima de saída","200 mA (capacidade de fonte \u002F dreno)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Frequência nominal de projeto","139 Hz (com R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ, C1 = 100 nF); cálculo ideal, não medido",{"label":36,"value":37},"Faixa de frequência de operação","A frequência muda com a escolha de R1, R2 e C1; a TI recomenda operar o NE555 a 100 kHz ou menos",{"label":39,"value":40},"Ciclo de trabalho nominal","54.8% (valores de projeto: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ); cálculo ideal, não medido",{"label":42,"value":43},"Faixa de ajuste do ciclo de trabalho","Topologia ideal: acima de 50% e abaixo de 100%; exige alterar R1\u002FR2 (sem controle de ajuste instalado)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Coeficiente térmico do intervalo de temporização","150 ppm\u002F°C típico no modo astável; exclui a deriva dos resistores e do capacitor externos (TI SLFS022K §5.6)",[48,49,50,51],"Fontes de pulso de clock para sistemas digitais e sinais de heartbeat para microcontroladores","Geradores de alarme audível, transdutores piezoelétricos e sirenes acústicas","Circuitos estroboscópicos de LED e sinalizadores ópticos pulsados","Fontes periódicas de pulsos de referência para bancadas de teste e temporizadores de laboratório",[53,58],{"title":54,"trap":55,"solution":56,"severity":57},"Perturbações na alimentação durante a comutação","A comutação da saída e as mudanças na corrente de carga podem perturbar a alimentação. O desacoplamento local insuficiente pode afetar a temporização ou circuitos próximos; a amplitude depende das condições de operação e do layout.","A TI recomenda um capacitor cerâmico de desacoplamento de 100 nF entre VCC e GND. Posicione C4 perto de Pin 8 e Pin 1 com conexões curtas. C3 é o capacitor de reserva adicional de 100 µF usado neste projeto.","critical",{"title":59,"trap":60,"solution":61,"severity":62},"Ruido eletromagnético no pino flutuante de tensão de controle (Pin 5)","Deixar o Pin 5 (CONTROL) aberto permite que ruídos EMI e interferências de alta frequência modulem o divisor resistivo interno de 2\u002F3 VCC, introduzindo jitter e variações indesejadas na frequência.","Neste circuito, conecte C2 = 10 nF entre Pin 5 e GND perto do CI para reduzir o acoplamento de ruído ao limiar de controle.","warning",[64,83,90,99],{"name":65,"latexOrText":66,"description":67,"variables":68},"Tempo em nível alto (t_high)","t_{high} = \\ln(2) \\cdot (R_1 + R_2) \\cdot C_1 \\approx 0.693 \\cdot (R_1 + R_2) \\cdot C_1","Calcula a duração em segundos em que a saída Pin 3 permanece em estado lógico HIGH enquanto C1 carrega de 1\u002F3 VCC a 2\u002F3 VCC.",[69,74,78],{"symbol":70,"name":71,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},"R_1","Resistor superior de carga","10","kΩ",{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},"R_2","Resistor de descarga","47",{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},"C_1","Capacitor de temporização","100","nF",{"name":84,"latexOrText":85,"description":86,"variables":87},"Tempo em nível baixo (t_low)","t_{low} = \\ln(2) \\cdot R_2 \\cdot C_1 \\approx 0.693 \\cdot R_2 \\cdot C_1","Calcula a duração em segundos em que a saída Pin 3 permanece em estado lógico LOW enquanto C1 descarrega através de R2 no Pin 7.",[88,89],{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},{"name":91,"latexOrText":92,"description":93,"variables":94},"Frequência de saída","f = \\frac{1}{t_{high} + t_{low}} \\approx \\frac{1.44}{(R_1 + 2 R_2) \\cdot C_1}","Frequência fundamental de oscilação em Hertz (ciclos por segundo).",[95,97,98],{"symbol":70,"name":96,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},"Resistor superior",{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},{"name":100,"latexOrText":101,"description":102,"variables":103},"Porcentagem do ciclo de trabalho","D = \\frac{t_{high}}{t_{high} + t_{low}} \\times 100\\% = \\frac{R_1 + R_2}{R_1 + 2 R_2} \\times 100\\%","Razão entre o tempo em nível HIGH e o período total. Na topologia padrão, o ciclo é inerentemente superior a 50%.",[104,105],{"symbol":70,"name":96,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},[107,116,123,128,135,142,149],{"refDes":108,"componentName":109,"value":110,"package":111,"quantity":112,"componentSlug":113,"role":114,"notes":115},"U1","Circuito integrado temporizador bipolar de precisão NE555","NE555P","DIP-8",1,"ne555","CI oscilador de relaxação central","TI NE555P em DIP-8; outras variantes 555 exigem verificação própria da alimentação, corrente de saída e temporização.",{"refDes":117,"componentName":118,"value":119,"package":120,"quantity":112,"role":121,"notes":122},"R1","Resistor de filme metálico 0.25 W (1\u002F4W)","10kΩ","Axial \u002F 0805","Resistor pull-up de carga de VCC","Manter ≥ 1kΩ para proteger o transistor de descarga do Pin 7",{"refDes":124,"componentName":118,"value":125,"package":120,"quantity":112,"role":126,"notes":127},"R2","47kΩ","Resistor de temporização de descarga","Tolerância recomendada de ±1%",{"refDes":129,"componentName":130,"value":131,"package":132,"quantity":112,"role":133,"notes":134},"C1","Capacitor de filme metalizado ou cerâmico","100nF","Radial \u002F 0805","Capacitor de temporização e oscilação","Utilize dielétrico C0G\u002FNP0 ou filme MKT para máxima estabilidade térmica",{"refDes":136,"componentName":137,"value":138,"package":139,"quantity":112,"role":140,"notes":141},"C2","Capacitor cerâmico multicamada (MLCC)","10nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Capacitor de desacoplamento de ruído do Pin 5 CONTROL","Tensão nominal 50V, dielétrico X7R",{"refDes":143,"componentName":144,"value":145,"package":146,"quantity":112,"role":147,"notes":148},"C3","Capacitor eletrolítico de alumínio","100µF","Radial Ø6.3mm","Reservatório de desacoplamento do barramento de alimentação VCC","Tensão nominal ≥ 25V, estabiliza a alimentação contra flutuações de carga",{"refDes":150,"componentName":137,"value":131,"package":139,"quantity":112,"role":151,"notes":152},"C4","Desacoplamento de alta frequência do barramento VCC","Tensão nominal 50V, dielétrico X7R; posicionar próximo aos pinos 8 e 1 com conexões curtas",{"U1":154,"R1":162,"R2":170,"C1":175,"C2":182,"C3":189,"C4":196},{"refDes":108,"name":155,"value":110,"role":156,"description":157,"componentSlug":113,"footprint":111,"specs":158},"Circuito integrado temporizador NE555","Oscilador de relaxação de precisão","Temporizador padrão de 8 pinos com dois comparadores, flip-flop RS, driver de saída de 200mA e chave de descarga.",{"Tensão de alimentação":159,"Corrente máxima de saída":160,"Corrente de repouso":161,"Encapsulamento":111},"4.5V - 16V","200 mA","3 mA típico com VCC = 5 V, saída LOW, sem carga (TI §5.5)",{"refDes":117,"name":163,"value":119,"role":164,"description":165,"footprint":120,"specs":166},"Resistor pull-up de carga","Rede de temporização de carga","Conecta VCC ao Pin 7. Define a corrente de carga com R2 e protege o Pin 7 quando o transistor conecta ao GND.",{"Resistência":167,"Tolerância":168,"Potência nominal":169},"10 kΩ","±1%","0.25 W",{"refDes":124,"name":76,"value":125,"role":171,"description":172,"footprint":120,"specs":173},"Rede de temporização de descarga","Conecta o Pin 7 aos Pinos 2 e 6. Governa estritamente a duração do nível baixo durante a descarga de C1.",{"Resistência":174,"Tolerância":168,"Potência nominal":169},"47 kΩ",{"refDes":129,"name":80,"value":131,"role":176,"description":177,"footprint":139,"specs":178},"Reservatório de carga do oscilador","Carrega através de R1+R2 até 2\u002F3 VCC e descarrega através de R2 até 1\u002F3 VCC, definindo a frequência.",{"Capacitância":179,"Dielétrico":180,"Tensão nominal":181},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","Cerâmica C0G\u002FNP0 \u002F filme MKT","50 V",{"refDes":136,"name":183,"value":138,"role":184,"description":185,"footprint":186,"specs":187},"Capacitor de desacoplamento de controle","Desacoplamento de ruído","Estabiliza o potencial de referência interno de 2\u002F3 VCC no Pin 5 contra ruídos externos.","0805",{"Capacitância":188,"Tensão nominal":181},"10 nF (0.01 µF)",{"refDes":143,"name":190,"value":145,"role":191,"description":192,"footprint":146,"specs":193},"Capacitor de desacoplamento eletrolítico","Reservatório de alimentação","Capacitor eletrolítico de baixa frequência que absorve quedas de tensão e estabiliza o barramento positivo.",{"Capacitância":194,"Tensão nominal":195},"100 µF","25 V",{"refDes":150,"name":197,"value":131,"role":198,"description":199,"footprint":186,"specs":200},"Capacitor de desacoplamento de alta frequência","Desacoplamento de alta frequência","Capacitor cerâmico local de 100 nF entre VCC e GND; conexões curtas perto de Pin 8 e Pin 1.",{"Capacitância":179,"Dielétrico":201,"Tensão nominal":181},"Cerâmica X7R",{"schemaVersion":203,"id":204,"meta":205,"components":211,"nets":310,"junctions":372,"netLabels":397,"wires":398},"1.5","doc-ne555-astable",{"title":19,"locale":206,"grid":207,"source":208},"pt",20,{"type":209,"ref":210,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments xx555 Precision Timers, SLFS022K, revised March 2026: §6.3.2, Figure 6-5 and equations 1–6 (p. 12); §5.5–5.6 (pp. 5–7); §7.3 (p. 18). Adaptation: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ, C1 = 100 nF, C2 = 10 nF, C3 = 100 µF, C4 = 100 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1,1 s com 100 kω e 10 µf.\ntemporizador monoestável de atraso com ne555 (one-shot)\no circuito de disparo único da folha de dados ti ne555: aperte start e a saída fica alta por um tempo fixo definido por um resistor e um capacitor, cerca de 1,1 s com 100 kω e 10 µf.\nne555 monostable delay timer (one-shot)\nthe one-shot circuit from the ti ne555 datasheet: press start and the output stays high for a fixed time set by one resistor and one capacitor, about 1.1 s with 100 kω and 10 µf.\ntiming_oscillators\ntemporizador de precisão\nne555p\nu1\nresistor fixo\n100kω\nr1\ncapacitor eletrolítico de alumínio\n10µf\nc1\ncapacitor cerâmico\n10nf\nc2\ncapacitor cerâmico\n100nf\nc3\nresistor fixo\n10kω\nr2\nchave táctil\nstart\nsw1",{"slug":625,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":626,"voltageSpecification":627,"signalDomain":630,"breadboardFriendly":631,"title":632,"shortDescription":633,"bomCount":634,"formulaCount":635,"search":636},"bjt-astable-multivibrator-led-flasher",[612],{"kind":615,"value":628,"label":629},"5,0 V CC nominal assumida em projeto para demonstração educacional. Requer margem suficiente acima da tensão direta do LED azul (~3,3 V típ.) para polarizar resistores de coletor e base; transientes reversos base-emissor devem permanecer dentro do limite máximo absoluto (VEBO = 6,0 V para 2N3904BU).","Tensão nominal de alimentação","analog",false,"Multivibrador astável com transistores bipolares (pisca-pisca LED)","Oscilador de relaxação discreto de dois transistores com acoplamento cruzado acionando LEDs alternados sem circuitos integrados.",10,3,"multivibrador astável com transistores bipolares (pisca-pisca led)\noscilador de relaxação discreto de dois transistores com acoplamento cruzado acionando leds alternados sem circuitos integrados.\nmultivibrador astável com transistores bipolares (pisca-pisca led)\noscilador de relaxação discreto de dois transistores com acoplamento cruzado acionando leds alternados sem circuitos integrados.\nbjt astable multivibrator led flasher\ndiscrete two-transistor cross-coupled relaxation oscillator driving alternating leds without an integrated circuit.\ntiming_oscillators\ntransistor de junção bipolar npn\n2n3904bu\nq1\ntransistor de junção bipolar npn\n2n3904bu\nq2\nresistor de filme de carbono de 1\u002F4 w\n1kω\nr1\nresistor de filme de carbono de 1\u002F4 w\n47kω\nr2\nresistor de filme de carbono de 1\u002F4 w\n47kω\nr3\nresistor de filme de carbono de 1\u002F4 w\n1kω\nr4\ncapacitor cerâmico multicamada x7r não polarizado\n10µf\nc1\ncapacitor cerâmico multicamada x7r não polarizado\n10µf\nc2\nled indicador vermelho padrão de 5 mm\nred\nd1\nled indicador azul padrão de 5 mm\nblue\nd2",{"slug":638,"cluster":639,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":640,"voltageSpecification":642,"signalDomain":618,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":645,"shortDescription":646,"bomCount":621,"formulaCount":647,"search":648},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[641,612,613],"3.3v",{"kind":615,"value":643,"label":644},"+12.0 V CC nominal (faixa operacional de +10.8 V a +13.2 V)","Tensão de alimentação do relé (VLOAD)","Driver de relé com BJT NPN 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A e diodo flyback 1N4007","Circuito de chaveamento de lado baixo com transistor bipolar NPN para relé de 12V com diodo flyback 1N4007, acionamento por saturação e desacoplamento de alimentação para MCU de 3.3V\u002F5V.",4,"driver de relé com bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a e diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de chaveamento de lado baixo com transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v com diodo flyback 1n4007, acionamento por saturação e desacoplamento de alimentação para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\ndriver de relé com bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a e diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de chaveamento de lado baixo com transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v com diodo flyback 1n4007, acionamento por saturação e desacoplamento de alimentação para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor bipolar npn de uso geral\n2n2222a\nq1\ndiodo retificador \u002F grampeador de uso geral\n1n4007\nd1\nrelé subminiatura eletromecânico spdt\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nresistor limitador de base 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nresistor pull-down de base 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\ncapacitor cerâmico de desacoplamento mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\ncapacitor eletrolítico de desacoplamento de alumínio\n47µf 25v\nc2",1793836434028]