[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":774},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:uln2003a-7-channel-relay-solenoid-driver:es":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":734,"localizationFallbackIssues":735,"related":736,"confirmations":735},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":56,"formulas":75,"bom":149,"interactiveElements":195,"circuitJson":309,"svg":729,"relatedSchematicSlugs":730,"relatedComponentSlugs":733},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Texas Instruments SLRS027P Rev. P; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Fuln2003a.pdf","uln2003a-7-channel-relay-solenoid-driver","ULN2003A: controlador de 7 canales para relés y solenoides de carga inductiva","microcontroller_interfaces","Tier 1","Circuito controlador de sumidero Darlington de 7 canales Texas Instruments ULN2003A para relés de 12V, solenoides y bobinas paso a paso con diodos supresores integrados y desacoplo.","El circuito controlador de relés y solenoides de 7 canales ULN2003A proporciona una interfaz robusta de conmutación de nivel bajo (low-side sink) entre microcontroladores digitales de baja potencia (como sistemas AVR de 5.0 V o ARM\u002FESP de 3.3 V) y actuadores inductivos de alta corriente (como relés electromecánicos de 12 V, válvulas solenoides neumáticas y bobinas de motores paso a paso unipolares).\n\nEn el núcleo del circuito se encuentra la matriz de transistores Darlington Texas Instruments ULN2003A, que integra siete pares Darlington NPN monolíticos en un encapsulado de 16 pines. Cada par Darlington consta de dos transistores bipolares en cascada con una red integrada de resistencias de polarización base-emisor (resistor serie de entrada de 2.7 kΩ y resistencias de descarga base-emisor de 7.2 kΩ en total). Esta configuración ofrece una ganancia de corriente continua sumamente elevada (hFE típicamente de 1000 a 5000), permitiendo que corrientes de nivel microamperio procedentes de puertos lógicos saturen con total fiabilidad corrientes de colector de hasta 500 mA.\n\nCuando se aplica un nivel lógico ALTO (+5.0 V) a cualquier puerto de entrada (de P_IN1 a P_IN4), la corriente fluye a través del resistor serie integrado de 2.7 kΩ hacia la base del primer transistor. Ambos transistores del par entran en saturación profunda, llevando la salida de colector abierto correspondiente (de 1C a 4C) hacia tierra con una caída de tensión típica de saturación de VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1 V a 200 mA (hasta 1.6 V a 350 mA). Esto aplica la tensión de trabajo a la bobina del relé (L1, L2) o solenoide (L3, L4), estableciendo el flujo magnético y accionando el inducido mecánico.\n\nLos relés y solenoides electromecánicos almacenan una notable energía magnética en sus devanados inductivos (E = 1\u002F2 * L * I^2). Cuando la entrada pasa a nivel lógico BAJO (0 V), el par Darlington se corta bruscamente. Conforme a la ley de Faraday-Lenz (V = -L * dI\u002Fdt), la interrupción repentina de la corriente induce un pico de tensión negativo extremo en el colector abierto, que puede superar fácilmente los 100 V y destruir la unión semiconductora del transistor. El ULN2003A integra diodos de libre circulación (flyback clamp) para cada canal con sus cátodos conectados internamente al pin 9 (COM). Al conectar el pin 9 directamente a la línea positiva de alimentación de +12 V, cualquier sobretensión que supere (+12 V + VF ≈ 13.2 V) polariza en directa el diodo de supresión interno, haciendo circular la corriente de descarga de forma segura a través de la bobina hasta disipar el campo magnético.\n\nLa estabilidad de la alimentación está garantizada por el condensador cerámico de alta frecuencia C1 (100 nF) y el condensador electrolítico de depósito C2 (100 µF) ubicados junto a la línea de carga. C1 absorbe el ruido transitorio de alta frecuencia dI\u002Fdt, mientras que C2 previene caídas de tensión bruscas causadas por la corriente de inserción inicial de las bobinas.","El funcionamiento del controlador de carga inductiva de 7 canales ULN2003A se desarrolla a través de cinco etapas eléctricas y magnéticas consecutivas:\n\n1. **Activación de entrada lógica y conducción de base Darlington:** Cuando el microcontrolador fija un nivel ALTO (+5.0 V) en la entrada (por ejemplo, P_IN1), la corriente fluye hacia el pin 1 a través del resistor serie interno de 2.7 kΩ. La tensión supera el umbral conjunto de activación de las dos uniones base-emisor (VBE1 + VBE2 ≈ 1.4 V), suministrando ~1.3 mA de corriente de base. El par Darlington entra rápidamente en conducción activa.\n\n2. **Excitación de la bobina inductiva y conmutación a tierra:** El transistor de salida se satura, llevando el pin 16 (1C) a VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1 V respecto a tierra (pin 8). La bobina L1 ve una tensión efectiva de VCC - VCE(sat) ≈ 12 V - 1.1 V = 10.9 V. La corriente crece de forma exponencial según i(t) = (V\u002FR) * (1 - e^(-t \u002F tau)), donde tau = L \u002F R, hasta alcanzar la fuerza magnética necesaria para mover el inducido.\n\n3. **Saturación en régimen permanente y disipación térmica:** Durante la excitación continua, la corriente se estabiliza en IC = (VCC - VCE(sat)) \u002F R_coil. El par Darlington disipa una potencia eléctrica PD = VCE(sat) * IC + VIN * IIN. Con cuatro canales activos a 150 mA cada uno, la disipación total se mantiene cómodamente dentro del límite térmico de 1.0 W del encapsulado PDIP-16 (resistencia térmica unión-ambiente R_thetaJA = 67 °C\u002FW).\n\n4. **Corte de entrada y supresión de retorno inductivo (Flyback Clamping):** Cuando el pin de entrada vuelve a nivel BAJO (0 V), la excitación de base cesa y el par se apaga en menos de 0.5 µs. La brusca interrupción de corriente genera un pico inductivo inmediato (V_L = -L * dI\u002Fdt). La tensión de colector supera la línea de +12 V hasta polarizar en directa el diodo de supresión interno a V_clamp = VCC + VF ≈ 12 V + 1.2 V = 13.2 V. La energía almacenada (E = 1\u002F2 * L * I^2) circula por el bucle del diodo, disipándose en forma de calor en la resistencia del devanado.\n\n5. **Desacoplo de la línea de alimentación y retorno a masa:** Las conmutaciones generan fluctuaciones dI\u002Fdt en el bus de +12 V. El condensador cerámico C1 (100 nF) deriva los picos de alta frecuencia a masa, mientras que el electrolítico C2 (100 µF) suministra carga local, evitando caídas de tensión que puedan reiniciar microcontroladores sensibles.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Tensión nominal de alimentación de carga (VCC)","+12.0 V DC (rango operativo de +4.5 V a +50 V DC)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Nivel lógico de entrada de control","+5.0 V DC TTL\u002FCMOS (compatible con +3.3 V con menor corriente de salida)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Corriente continua de colector (sumidero)","500 mA pico, 350 mA continuo por canal",{"label":36,"value":37},"Tensión de ruptura colector-emisor (VCE(BR))","50 V DC mínimo en todo el rango de temperatura",{"label":39,"value":40},"Tensión de saturación colector-emisor (VCE(sat))","1.1 V típico a IC = 200 mA; 1.6 V máx a IC = 350 mA",{"label":42,"value":43},"Corriente directa máxima del diodo supresor","500 mA (coincide con la corriente de colector del canal)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Tensión inversa de ruptura del diodo supresor","50 V DC mínimo",{"label":48,"value":49},"Límite de disipación de potencia del encapsulado (PD)","1.0 W (PDIP-16 a TA \u003C= 25 °C, reducción de 8.0 mW\u002F°C sobre 25 °C)",[51,52,53,54,55],"Control multicanal de bancos de relés electromecánicos de 12V desde microcontroladores (Arduino, STM32, PIC, ESP32)","Secuenciamiento de electroválvulas neumáticas e hidráulicas de 12V \u002F 24V en automatización industrial","Excitación de bobinas de 4 fases para motores paso a paso unipolares (ej. 28BYJ-48 de 5V\u002F12V)","Conmutación de bajo nivel para matrices de LED de alta corriente y pantallas de 7 segmentos","Encendido\u002Fapagado unidireccional y modulación PWM de velocidad para motores DC de escobillas",[57,62,67,71],{"title":58,"trap":59,"solution":60,"severity":61},"Pin COM desconectado destruye los transistores de salida","Dejar el pin 9 (COM) al aire aísla por completo los diodos internos de supresión de la línea de alimentación. Al apagar cualquier relé o solenoide, los picos de retorno inductivo superan los 50V y provocan ruptura por avalancha y cortocircuito instantáneo.","Conecte siempre el pin 9 (COM) directamente a la línea positiva de alimentación de +12V que energiza las bobinas. Coloque condensadores de desacoplo próximos para minimizar la inductancia parásita.","critical",{"title":63,"trap":64,"solution":65,"severity":66},"Caída de saturación Darlington (1.1V a 1.6V) reduce la tensión en la bobina","A diferencia de los transistores MOSFET de bajo RDS(on), la configuración Darlington presenta una caída inherente VCE(sat) ≈ 1.1V a 1.6V entre colector y emisor. Un relé de 12V recibe en realidad solo 10.4V a 10.9V, lo que puede provocar fallos de activación si la fuente fluctúa.","Compruebe que la tensión mínima de activación del relé o solenoide (típicamente del 70% al 80% de la nominal) esté garantizada a 10.5V, o ajuste la fuente externa a +12.5V.","warning",{"title":68,"trap":69,"solution":70,"severity":61},"Corriente acumulada de masa supera el límite de 2.5A del pin","Aunque cada canal individual soporta 500mA de pico, encender los siete canales al mismo tiempo a 500mA exige 3.5A a través del pin 8 (E), destruyendo el hilo interno del encapsulado y violando el límite térmico de 1.0W.","Limite la corriente continua total por el pin 8 a \u003C= 1.5A a 2.0A. Si maneja cargas pesadas, escalone los tiempos de activación o distribuya la carga en varios integrados.",{"title":72,"trap":73,"solution":74,"severity":66},"Reducción del margen de corriente con control lógico de 3.3V","El resistor de base interno de 2.7 kΩ está optimizado para señales TTL\u002FCMOS de 5.0V. Al excitar las entradas directamente desde 3.3V (ESP32, Raspberry Pi Pico), la corriente de base es de solo ~0.7mA, limitando la saturación máxima a ~200mA por canal.","Para cargas superiores a 200mA con microcontroladores de 3.3V, conecte en paralelo dos canales contiguos (entradas y salidas unidas) o utilice integrados de bajo voltaje como el ULN2003LV o MOSFETs.",[76,100,116,133],{"name":77,"latexOrText":78,"description":79,"variables":80},"Corriente de activación de bobina de relé en saturación","I_C = \\frac{V_{CC} - V_{CE(sat)}}{R_{coil}}","Calcula la corriente continua de colector que fluye a través de la bobina de relé o solenoide, considerando la caída de saturación de la unión Darlington.",[81,86,91,95],{"symbol":82,"name":83,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"I_C","Corriente de colector (sumidero)","150","mA",{"symbol":87,"name":88,"typicalValue":89,"unit":90},"V_{CC}","Tensión de línea de carga","12.0","V",{"symbol":92,"name":93,"typicalValue":94,"unit":90},"V_{CE(sat)}","Tensión de saturación colector-emisor","1.1",{"symbol":96,"name":97,"typicalValue":98,"unit":99},"R_{coil}","Resistencia de bobina en continua","72","Ω",{"name":101,"latexOrText":102,"description":103,"variables":104},"Energía magnética inductiva almacenada","E_L = \\frac{1}{2} L \\cdot I_C^2","Determina la energía magnética total almacenada en el devanado de la bobina que debe ser disipada con seguridad por el diodo supresor al desconectar.",[105,110,114],{"symbol":106,"name":107,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"E_L","Energía magnética almacenada","1.69","mJ",{"symbol":111,"name":112,"typicalValue":84,"unit":113},"L","Inductancia de bobina","mH",{"symbol":82,"name":115,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"Corriente de bobina en régimen",{"name":117,"latexOrText":118,"description":119,"variables":120},"Disipación de potencia en el diodo supresor","P_{clamp} = E_L \\cdot f_{switch} = \\frac{1}{2} L \\cdot I_C^2 \\cdot f_{switch}","Calcula la potencia térmica media disipada en el diodo de supresión interno durante la conmutación periódica de cargas inductivas.",[121,126,128],{"symbol":122,"name":123,"typicalValue":124,"unit":125},"P_{clamp}","Disipación media de potencia del diodo","16.9","mW",{"symbol":106,"name":127,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"Energía magnética por pulso",{"symbol":129,"name":130,"typicalValue":131,"unit":132},"f_{switch}","Frecuencia de conmutación \u002F ciclo","10","Hz",{"name":134,"latexOrText":135,"description":136,"variables":137},"Disipación de potencia total del encapsulado","P_D = \\sum_{k=1}^{n} \\left( V_{CE(sat),k} \\cdot I_{C,k} \\cdot D_k + V_{IN,k} \\cdot I_{IN,k} \\cdot D_k \\right)","Calcula la potencia térmica total generada por todos los canales activos para garantizar que la temperatura de unión no supere los 150 °C máximos.",[138,142,143,145],{"symbol":139,"name":140,"typicalValue":141,"unit":125},"P_D","Disipación de potencia total","660",{"symbol":92,"name":93,"typicalValue":94,"unit":90},{"symbol":82,"name":144,"typicalValue":84,"unit":85},"Corriente de colector por canal",{"symbol":146,"name":147,"typicalValue":5,"unit":148},"D","Ciclo de trabajo del canal (Duty Cycle)","ratio",[150,159,166,170,177,181,188],{"refDes":151,"componentName":152,"value":153,"package":154,"quantity":155,"componentSlug":156,"role":157,"notes":158},"U1","Matriz de 7 transistores Darlington","ULN2003A","PDIP-16",1,"uln2003a","Controlador de sumidero multicanal para cargas inductivas","Texas Instruments ULN2003AN; 50V \u002F 500mA por canal, diodos de supresión integrados con cátodo común (COM).",{"refDes":160,"componentName":161,"value":162,"package":163,"quantity":155,"role":164,"notes":165},"L1","Relé electromecánico miniatura SPDT de 12V 1","Omron G5V-1-DC12","DIP-6","Carga de relé inductivo del canal 1","Omron Electronic Components G5V-1-DC12; bobina de 12V DC, resistencia nominal de 960 Ω (~12.5 mA corriente de disparo), contactos de 1A.",{"refDes":167,"componentName":168,"value":162,"package":163,"quantity":155,"role":169,"notes":165},"L2","Relé electromecánico miniatura SPDT de 12V 2","Carga de relé inductivo del canal 2",{"refDes":171,"componentName":172,"value":173,"package":174,"quantity":155,"role":175,"notes":176},"L3","Solenoide lineal de tracción de 12V DC 1","JF-0530B-12V","Chassis Mount \u002F Flying Leads","Carga de solenoide de alta corriente del canal 3","Actuador solenoide de 12V DC de estructura abierta; resistencia de bobina ~40 Ω (~300 mA corriente continua de retención, fuerza de 5N).",{"refDes":178,"componentName":179,"value":173,"package":174,"quantity":155,"role":180,"notes":176},"L4","Solenoide lineal de tracción de 12V DC 2","Carga de solenoide de alta corriente del canal 4",{"refDes":182,"componentName":183,"value":184,"package":185,"quantity":155,"role":186,"notes":187},"C1","Condensador cerámico multicapa de desacoplo","100nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Bypass de alta frecuencia para la línea de alimentación","KEMET C320C104K5R5TA; 100nF 50V cerámico X7R, desvía transientes rápidos dI\u002Fdt junto al pin 9 (COM) de U1.",{"refDes":189,"componentName":190,"value":191,"package":192,"quantity":155,"role":193,"notes":194},"C2","Condensador electrolítico de aluminio de depósito","100µF","Radial 6.3x11mm","Depósito de energía para picos de corriente","Nichicon UVR1E101MDD; 100µF 25V electrolítico radial, absorbe picos iniciales y previene caídas de tensión.",{"U1":196,"P_IN1":206,"P_IN2":217,"P_IN3":224,"P_IN4":231,"P_VLOAD":238,"L1":248,"L2":258,"L3":264,"L4":273,"C1":278,"C2":286,"GND1":293,"GND2":302},{"refDes":151,"name":197,"value":153,"role":157,"description":198,"componentSlug":156,"footprint":199,"specs":200},"Matriz de transistores Darlington ULN2003A (7 canales)","Siete pares Darlington NPN monolíticos de 50V\u002F500mA con resistencias de base y diodos de supresión de cátodo común integrados.","PDIP-16 \u002F SOIC-16",{"Canales":201,"Tensión máxima de colector (VCE)":202,"Corriente máxima de colector (IC)":203,"Tensión de saturación (VCE(sat))":204,"Diodos de supresión integrados":205},"7 sumideros independientes de nivel bajo (low-side)","50 V DC","500 mA pico, 350 mA continuo","1.1 V típico a 200 mA","7 diodos con cátodo común al pin 9 (COM)",{"refDes":207,"name":208,"value":209,"role":210,"description":211,"footprint":212,"specs":213},"P_IN1","Entrada lógica 1 (Control de Relé 1)","IN1","Puerto digital de control del canal 1","Entrada lógica digital 5V TTL\u002FCMOS (activo en alto) que controla el canal Darlington 1 (pin 1 a 16).","2.54mm Pin Header",{"Tensión de entrada (VI)":214,"Resistor serie interno":215,"Corriente nominal de entrada":216},"+5.0 V nominal (activo en alto)","2.7 kΩ","1.3 mA a 5.0 V",{"refDes":218,"name":219,"value":220,"role":221,"description":222,"footprint":212,"specs":223},"P_IN2","Entrada lógica 2 (Control de Relé 2)","IN2","Puerto digital de control del canal 2","Entrada lógica digital 5V TTL\u002FCMOS (activo en alto) que controla el canal Darlington 2 (pin 2 a 15).",{"Tensión de entrada (VI)":214,"Resistor serie interno":215,"Corriente nominal de entrada":216},{"refDes":225,"name":226,"value":227,"role":228,"description":229,"footprint":212,"specs":230},"P_IN3","Entrada lógica 3 (Control de Solenoide 1)","IN3","Puerto digital de control del canal 3","Entrada lógica digital 5V TTL\u002FCMOS (activo en alto) que controla el canal Darlington 3 (pin 3 a 14).",{"Tensión de entrada (VI)":214,"Resistor serie interno":215,"Corriente nominal de entrada":216},{"refDes":232,"name":233,"value":234,"role":235,"description":236,"footprint":212,"specs":237},"P_IN4","Entrada lógica 4 (Control de Solenoide 2)","IN4","Puerto digital de control del canal 4","Entrada lógica digital 5V TTL\u002FCMOS (activo en alto) que controla el canal Darlington 4 (pin 4 a 13).",{"Tensión de entrada (VI)":214,"Resistor serie interno":215,"Corriente nominal de entrada":216},{"refDes":239,"name":240,"value":241,"role":242,"description":243,"footprint":244,"specs":245},"P_VLOAD","Línea de alimentación de carga +12V DC","+12V","Alimentación principal de actuadores inductivos","Línea externa de +12V DC que alimenta las bobinas de relés, solenoides y el bus cátodo común de diodos de supresión.","5.08mm Screw Terminal \u002F DC Jack",{"Tensión nominal":246,"Capacidad de corriente recomendada":247},"+12.0 V DC","capacidad mínima de 2.0 A",{"refDes":160,"name":249,"value":250,"role":251,"description":252,"footprint":253,"specs":254},"Bobina de relé electromecánico 1 de 12V DC","RELAY 1 (12V)","Actuador inductivo de relé 1","Bobina de relé SPDT miniatura que se energiza al poner en nivel ALTO el canal 1.","DIP-6 Through-Hole",{"Tensión nominal de bobina":255,"Resistencia de bobina":256,"Corriente nominal":257},"12 V DC","960 Ω","12.5 mA",{"refDes":167,"name":259,"value":260,"role":261,"description":262,"footprint":253,"specs":263},"Bobina de relé electromecánico 2 de 12V DC","RELAY 2 (12V)","Actuador inductivo de relé 2","Bobina de relé SPDT miniatura que se energiza al poner en nivel ALTO el canal 2.",{"Tensión nominal de bobina":255,"Resistencia de bobina":256,"Corriente nominal":257},{"refDes":171,"name":265,"value":266,"role":267,"description":268,"footprint":269,"specs":270},"Solenoide lineal de tracción 1 de 12V DC","SOLENOID 1 (12V)","Actuador inductivo de alta corriente 1","Solenoide tubular o abierto de 12V DC para posicionamiento mecánico lineal.","Chassis Mount \u002F Lead Wires",{"Tensión nominal de trabajo":255,"Resistencia de bobina":271,"Corriente nominal de retención":272},"40 Ω","300 mA",{"refDes":178,"name":274,"value":275,"role":276,"description":268,"footprint":269,"specs":277},"Solenoide lineal de tracción 2 de 12V DC","SOLENOID 2 (12V)","Actuador inductivo de alta corriente 2",{"Tensión nominal de trabajo":255,"Resistencia de bobina":271,"Corriente nominal de retención":272},{"refDes":182,"name":279,"value":184,"role":280,"description":281,"footprint":282,"specs":283},"Condensador cerámico de bypass de alta frecuencia","Desacoplo de alta frecuencia de la línea","Condensador cerámico multicapa 100 nF 50V X7R para desviar transientes rápidos dI\u002Fdt en el bus de diodos.","0805 \u002F Radial 5.08mm",{"Capacitancia":284,"Tensión nominal":202,"Dieléctrico":285},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","Cerámica X7R",{"refDes":189,"name":287,"value":191,"role":193,"description":288,"footprint":192,"specs":289},"Condensador electrolítico de depósito","Condensador electrolítico de aluminio 100 µF 25V para evitar caídas de tensión al accionar relés y solenoides.",{"Capacitancia":290,"Tensión nominal":291,"Resistencia serie equivalente (ESR)":292},"100 µF","25 V DC","\u003C 0.4 Ω at 100 kHz",{"refDes":294,"name":295,"value":296,"role":297,"description":298,"footprint":299,"specs":300},"GND1","Masa del controlador y retorno de emisor común","GND","Masa de potencia de referencia (U1 Pin 8)","Retorno principal de corriente de carga para las siete etapas emisoras Darlington.","PCB Ground Plane",{"Corriente continua máxima":301},"límite de 2.5 A para el pin del encapsulado",{"refDes":303,"name":304,"value":296,"role":305,"description":306,"footprint":299,"specs":307},"GND2","Masa de referencia de desacoplo de alimentación","Retorno de masa de filtrado","Punto de retorno a masa para la red de desacoplo de alimentación (C1, C2).",{"Potencial de referencia":308},"0.0 V DC",{"schemaVersion":310,"id":18,"meta":311,"components":317,"nets":400,"junctions":479,"netLabels":509,"wires":510},"1.5",{"title":19,"locale":312,"grid":313,"source":314},"es",20,{"type":315,"ref":316,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments ULN2003A Datasheet SLRS027P Section 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stroke=\"none\"\u002F>\u003C\u002Fsvg>",[731,732],"l293d-dual-h-bridge-dc-motor-driver","pc817-optocoupler-isolated-logic-interface",[156],"overlay",null,[737,753,763],{"slug":738,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":739,"voltageSpecification":743,"signalDomain":747,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":748,"shortDescription":749,"bomCount":750,"formulaCount":751,"search":752},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection",[740,741,742],"3.3v","5v","12v",{"kind":744,"value":745,"label":746},"supply","+12.0 V CC nominal (rango operativo de +10.8 V a +13.2 V)","Tensión de alimentación del relé (VLOAD)","digital","Controlador de relé con BJT NPN 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A y diodo flyback 1N4007","Circuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar NPN para relé de 12V con diodo flyback 1N4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para MCU de 3.3V\u002F5V.",7,4,"controlador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\ncontrolador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor bipolar npn de uso general\n2n2222a\nq1\ndiodo rectificador \u002F fijador de uso general\n1n4007\nd1\nrelé subminiatura electromecánico spdt\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nresistencia limitadora de base 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia pull-down de base 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\ncondensador cerámico de desacoplo mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\ncondensador electrolítico de desacoplo de aluminio\n47µf 25v\nc2",{"slug":754,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":755,"voltageSpecification":756,"signalDomain":747,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":759,"shortDescription":760,"bomCount":761,"formulaCount":751,"search":762},"bss138-bidirectional-i2c-level-shifter",[740,741],{"kind":744,"value":757,"label":758},"+3,3 V CC nominal (rango operativo de +1,65 V a +3,6 V)","Alimentación de baja tensión (VDD1)","Desplazador de nivel bidireccional I2C de 3,3 V a 5 V con BSS138","Traductor de nivel de tensión bidireccional para bus I2C que interconecta dominios lógicos de 3,3 V y 5 V mediante dos MOSFET de canal N onsemi BSS138 con resistencias pull-up y desacoplo de alimentación.",8,"desplazador de nivel bidireccional i2c de 3,3 v a 5 v con bss138\ntraductor de nivel de tensión bidireccional para bus i2c que interconecta dominios lógicos de 3,3 v y 5 v mediante dos mosfet de canal n onsemi bss138 con resistencias pull-up y desacoplo de alimentación.\ndesplazador de nivel bidireccional i2c de 3,3 v a 5 v con bss138\ntraductor de nivel de tensión bidireccional para bus i2c que interconecta dominios lógicos de 3,3 v y 5 v mediante dos mosfet de canal n onsemi bss138 con resistencias pull-up y desacoplo de alimentación.\nbss138 bidirectional i2c 3.3v to 5v level shifter\nbidirectional i2c bus voltage level translator interfacing 3.3v and 5v logic domains using two onsemi bss138 n-channel mosfets with pull-up resistors and decoupled supplies.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\nmosfet de nivel lógico de canal n\nbss138\nq1\nmosfet de nivel lógico de canal n\nbss138\nq2\nresistencia chip smd\n10kω\nr1\nresistencia chip smd\n10kω\nr2\nresistencia chip smd\n10kω\nr3\nresistencia chip smd\n10kω\nr4\ncondensador cerámico multicapa\n100nf\nc1\ncondensador cerámico multicapa\n100nf\nc2",{"slug":764,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":765,"voltageSpecification":766,"signalDomain":747,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":770,"shortDescription":771,"bomCount":761,"formulaCount":772,"search":773},"esp32-auto-reset-flashing-circuit",[740],{"kind":767,"value":768,"label":769},"logic","3,3 V (VDD33 en la DevKitC V4)","Nivel lógico de funcionamiento","Circuito de reinicio automático y arranque del ESP32 (DTR\u002FRTS)","El circuito de dos transistores de las placas de desarrollo de Espressif con el que esptool, Arduino IDE y PlatformIO reinician un ESP32 y arrancan su bootloader serie a través de las líneas DTR y RTS de un puente USB-UART, sin pulsar botones.",3,"circuito de reinicio automático y arranque del esp32 (dtr\u002Frts)\nel circuito de dos transistores de las placas de desarrollo de espressif con el que esptool, arduino ide y platformio reinician un esp32 y arrancan su bootloader serie a través de las líneas dtr y rts de un puente usb-uart, sin pulsar botones.\ncircuito de reinicio automático y arranque del esp32 (dtr\u002Frts)\nel circuito de dos transistores de las placas de desarrollo de espressif con el que esptool, arduino ide y platformio reinician un esp32 y arrancan su bootloader serie a través de las líneas dtr y rts de un puente usb-uart, sin pulsar botones.\nesp32 auto-reset and boot circuit (dtr\u002Frts)\nthe two-transistor circuit from espressif development boards that lets esptool, arduino ide and platformio reset an esp32 and start its serial bootloader through the dtr and rts lines of a usb-to-uart bridge, with no buttons pressed.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor npn de pequeña señal\n2n3904\nq1\ntransistor npn de pequeña señal\n2n3904\nq2\nresistencia\n10kω\nr1\nresistencia\n10kω\nr2\nresistencia\n10kω\nr3\ncondensador cerámico\n1µf\nc1\npulsador táctil\nboot\nsw1\npulsador táctil\nen\nsw2",1793836435226]