[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":648},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:ne555-astable-square-wave-generator:es":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":606,"localizationFallbackIssues":607,"related":608,"confirmations":607},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":47,"gotchas":52,"formulas":63,"bom":106,"interactiveElements":153,"circuitJson":202,"svg":602,"relatedSchematicSlugs":603,"relatedComponentSlugs":604,"relatedBoardSlugs":605},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-13",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Codex (documentary engineering review against TI SLFS022K; owner authorized publication on 2026-10-13; no physical bench test)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Fne555.pdf","ne555-astable-square-wave-generator","Generador astable de onda cuadrada con NE555","timing_oscillators","Tier 1","Oscilador de relajación estándar de la industria que genera pulsos de reloj de precisión, tonos de audio y ondas cuadradas de frecuencia ajustable.","El temporizador NE555 en modo astable funciona como un oscilador de relajación autónomo basado en dos comparadores de tensión internos, un biestable SR (flip-flop) y un transistor de descarga NPN de colector abierto en el pin 7. Operando de forma completamente autónoma sin pulsos de reloj externos, el circuito carga y descarga alternativamente el condensador de temporización C1 entre 1\u002F3 VCC y 2\u002F3 VCC, produciendo una onda cuadrada digital continua en el Pin 3.","1. Fase de carga (Salida HIGH): Inicialmente el condensador C1 está descargado. Al aplicar alimentación, el Pin 2 (TRIGGER) está por debajo de 1\u002F3 VCC, activando el comparador inferior que conmuta el biestable interno. La salida Pin 3 (OUTPUT) pasa a nivel HIGH; su tensión depende de la alimentación y de la carga y el transistor de descarga del Pin 7 pasa a corte (OFF). La corriente de VCC fluye a través de R1 y R2 hacia C1. C1 se carga exponencialmente hacia VCC con constante de tiempo tau_carga = (R1 + R2) * C1.\n\n2. Detección de umbral superior (Threshold): Cuando la tensión en C1 alcanza 2\u002F3 VCC, el Pin 6 (THRESHOLD) dispara el comparador superior interno. Esto resetea el biestable: el Pin 3 conmuta bruscamente a nivel LOW (cerca de GND) y el transistor interno de descarga entra en saturación (ON), fijando el Pin 7 a masa.\n\n3. Fase de descarga (Salida LOW): Con el Pin 7 conectado a masa por el transistor interno NPN de colector abierto, la corriente de VCC a través de R1 se deriva directamente a tierra, mientras que el condensador C1 se descarga estrictamente a través de R2 hacia el Pin 7 con constante de tiempo tau_descarga = R2 * C1. La tensión en C1 decae exponencialmente hacia masa hasta 1\u002F3 VCC.\n\n4. Repetición del ciclo: Cuando la tensión en C1 cae por debajo de 1\u002F3 VCC, el Pin 2 (TRIGGER) detecta el nivel bajo, activando nuevamente el biestable: el Pin 3 vuelve a HIGH, el Pin 7 se desconecta y C1 se recarga. Este ciclo autooscilante se repite de manera continua.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44],{"label":27,"value":28},"Tensión de alimentación de funcionamiento","4,5–16 V DC (Texas Instruments NE555; el circuito mostrado utiliza +5 V)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Corriente de salida máxima","200 mA (capacidad de fuente \u002F sumidero)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Frecuencia nominal de diseño","139 Hz (con R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ, C1 = 100 nF); cálculo ideal, no medido",{"label":36,"value":37},"Rango de frecuencia de operación","La frecuencia cambia al seleccionar R1, R2 y C1; TI recomienda operar el NE555 a 100 kHz o menos",{"label":39,"value":40},"Ciclo de trabajo nominal","54.8% (valores de diseño: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ); cálculo ideal, no medido",{"label":42,"value":43},"Rango de ciclo de trabajo ajustable","Topología ideal: mayor del 50% y menor del 100%; requiere cambiar R1\u002FR2 (sin control de ajuste instalado)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Coeficiente térmico del intervalo de temporización","150 ppm\u002F°C típico en modo astable; excluye la deriva de resistencias y condensador externos (TI SLFS022K §5.6)",[48,49,50,51],"Fuentes de pulsos de reloj digital y generadores de latido para microcontroladores","Generadores de alarma audible, zumbadores piezoeléctricos y sirenas acústicas","Circuitos destelladores LED y sistemas de balizas ópticas pulsadas","Fuentes de pulsos de referencia periódicos para bancos de pruebas y temporizadores de laboratorio",[53,58],{"title":54,"trap":55,"solution":56,"severity":57},"Perturbaciones de alimentación durante la conmutación","La conmutación de salida y los cambios de corriente de carga pueden perturbar la alimentación. Un desacoplo local insuficiente puede afectar la temporización o circuitos cercanos; la magnitud depende de las condiciones de operación y del trazado.","TI recomienda un condensador cerámico de desacoplo de 100 nF entre VCC y GND. Coloque C4 cerca de Pin 8 y Pin 1 con conexiones cortas. C3 es el condensador de reserva adicional de 100 µF utilizado en este diseño.","critical",{"title":59,"trap":60,"solution":61,"severity":62},"Ruido electromagnético en pin flotante de tensión de control (Pin 5)","Dejar el Pin 5 (CONTROL) desconectado permite que el ruido de alta frecuencia e interferencias EMI se acoplen al divisor resistivo interno de 2\u002F3 VCC, generando jitter de temporización y fluctuaciones erráticas de frecuencia.","En este circuito, conecte C2 = 10 nF entre Pin 5 y GND cerca del integrado para reducir el acoplamiento de ruido al umbral de control.","warning",[64,83,90,99],{"name":65,"latexOrText":66,"description":67,"variables":68},"Tiempo en nivel alto (t_high)","t_{high} = \\ln(2) \\cdot (R_1 + R_2) \\cdot C_1 \\approx 0.693 \\cdot (R_1 + R_2) \\cdot C_1","Calcula la duración en segundos en que la salida Pin 3 permanece en estado lógico HIGH mientras C1 se carga de 1\u002F3 VCC a 2\u002F3 VCC.",[69,74,78],{"symbol":70,"name":71,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},"R_1","Resistor superior de carga","10","kΩ",{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},"R_2","Resistor de descarga","47",{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},"C_1","Condensador de temporización","100","nF",{"name":84,"latexOrText":85,"description":86,"variables":87},"Tiempo en nivel bajo (t_low)","t_{low} = \\ln(2) \\cdot R_2 \\cdot C_1 \\approx 0.693 \\cdot R_2 \\cdot C_1","Calcula la duración en segundos en que la salida Pin 3 permanece en estado lógico LOW mientras C1 se descarga a través de R2 hacia el Pin 7.",[88,89],{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},{"name":91,"latexOrText":92,"description":93,"variables":94},"Frecuencia de salida","f = \\frac{1}{t_{high} + t_{low}} \\approx \\frac{1.44}{(R_1 + 2 R_2) \\cdot C_1}","Frecuencia fundamental de oscilación en hercios (ciclos por segundo).",[95,97,98],{"symbol":70,"name":96,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},"Resistor superior",{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},{"symbol":79,"name":80,"typicalValue":81,"unit":82},{"name":100,"latexOrText":101,"description":102,"variables":103},"Porcentaje de ciclo de trabajo","D = \\frac{t_{high}}{t_{high} + t_{low}} \\times 100\\% = \\frac{R_1 + R_2}{R_1 + 2 R_2} \\times 100\\%","Relación entre el tiempo en nivel HIGH y el período total. En topología estándar siempre resulta superior al 50%.",[104,105],{"symbol":70,"name":96,"typicalValue":72,"unit":73},{"symbol":75,"name":76,"typicalValue":77,"unit":73},[107,116,123,128,135,142,149],{"refDes":108,"componentName":109,"value":110,"package":111,"quantity":112,"componentSlug":113,"role":114,"notes":115},"U1","Circuito integrado temporizador bipolar de precisión NE555","NE555P","DIP-8",1,"ne555","Circuito integrado oscilador de relajación principal","TI NE555P en DIP-8; otras variantes 555 requieren verificar por separado alimentación, corriente de salida y temporización.",{"refDes":117,"componentName":118,"value":119,"package":120,"quantity":112,"role":121,"notes":122},"R1","Resistor de película metálica 0.25 W (1\u002F4W)","10kΩ","Axial \u002F 0805","Resistor pull-up de carga VCC","Mantener ≥ 1kΩ para proteger el transistor de descarga del Pin 7",{"refDes":124,"componentName":118,"value":125,"package":120,"quantity":112,"role":126,"notes":127},"R2","47kΩ","Resistor de temporización de descarga","Tolerancia recomendada de ±1%",{"refDes":129,"componentName":130,"value":131,"package":132,"quantity":112,"role":133,"notes":134},"C1","Condensador cerámico o de película metalizada","100nF","Radial \u002F 0805","Condensador de oscilación y temporización","Utilice dieléctrico C0G\u002FNP0 o película MKT de baja deriva térmica",{"refDes":136,"componentName":137,"value":138,"package":139,"quantity":112,"role":140,"notes":141},"C2","Condensador cerámico multicapa (MLCC)","10nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Condensador de desacoplo de ruido para Pin 5 CONTROL","Tensión nominal 50V, dieléctrico X7R",{"refDes":143,"componentName":144,"value":145,"package":146,"quantity":112,"role":147,"notes":148},"C3","Condensador electrolítico de aluminio","100µF","Radial Ø6.3mm","Condensador de reserva masiva de alimentación VCC","Tensión nominal ≥ 25V, estabiliza el riel de entrada ante variaciones de carga",{"refDes":150,"componentName":137,"value":131,"package":139,"quantity":112,"role":151,"notes":152},"C4","Desacoplo de alta frecuencia del riel de alimentación VCC","Tensión nominal 50V, dieléctrico X7R; colocar cerca de los pines 8 y 1 con conexiones cortas",{"U1":154,"R1":162,"R2":170,"C1":175,"C2":182,"C3":189,"C4":196},{"refDes":108,"name":155,"value":110,"role":156,"description":157,"componentSlug":113,"footprint":111,"specs":158},"Circuito integrado temporizador NE555","Oscilador de relajación de precisión","Temporizador estándar de 8 pines con dos comparadores, biestable RS interno, etapa de salida de 200mA y llave de descarga.",{"Tensión de alimentación":159,"Corriente de salida máxima":160,"Corriente de reposo":161,"Encapsulado":111},"4.5V - 16V","200 mA","3 mA típico con VCC = 5 V, salida LOW, sin carga (TI §5.5)",{"refDes":117,"name":163,"value":119,"role":164,"description":165,"footprint":120,"specs":166},"Resistor pull-up de carga","Red de temporización de carga","Conecta VCC con el Pin 7. Fija la corriente de carga junto con R2 y protege el Pin 7 cuando el transistor conmuta a masa.",{"Resistencia":167,"Tolerancia":168,"Potencia nominal":169},"10 kΩ","±1%","0.25 W",{"refDes":124,"name":76,"value":125,"role":171,"description":172,"footprint":120,"specs":173},"Red de temporización de descarga","Conecta el Pin 7 con los Pines 2 y 6. Gobierna estrictamente la duración de nivel bajo durante la descarga de C1.",{"Resistencia":174,"Tolerancia":168,"Potencia nominal":169},"47 kΩ",{"refDes":129,"name":80,"value":131,"role":176,"description":177,"footprint":139,"specs":178},"Depósito de carga oscilante","Se carga mediante R1+R2 hacia 2\u002F3 VCC y se descarga mediante R2 hacia 1\u002F3 VCC, determinando la frecuencia.",{"Capacitancia":179,"Dieléctrico":180,"Tensión nominal":181},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","Cerámica C0G\u002FNP0 \u002F película MKT","50 V",{"refDes":136,"name":183,"value":138,"role":184,"description":185,"footprint":186,"specs":187},"Condensador de desacoplo de control","Desacoplo de ruido","Estabiliza el potencial de referencia interno de 2\u002F3 VCC en el Pin 5 contra interferencias externas.","0805",{"Capacitancia":188,"Tensión nominal":181},"10 nF (0.01 µF)",{"refDes":143,"name":190,"value":145,"role":191,"description":192,"footprint":146,"specs":193},"Condensador de desacoplo masivo","Depósito masivo de alimentación","Condensador electrolítico masivo de baja frecuencia que absorbe caídas en el suministro y estabiliza el riel positivo.",{"Capacitancia":194,"Tensión nominal":195},"100 µF","25 V",{"refDes":150,"name":197,"value":131,"role":198,"description":199,"footprint":186,"specs":200},"Condensador de desacoplo de alta frecuencia","Desacoplo de alta frecuencia","Condensador cerámico local de 100 nF entre VCC y GND; conexiones cortas cerca de Pin 8 y Pin 1.",{"Capacitancia":179,"Dieléctrico":201,"Tensión nominal":181},"Cerámica X7R",{"schemaVersion":203,"id":204,"meta":205,"components":211,"nets":310,"junctions":372,"netLabels":397,"wires":398},"1.5","doc-ne555-astable",{"title":19,"locale":206,"grid":207,"source":208},"es",20,{"type":209,"ref":210,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments xx555 Precision Timers, SLFS022K, revised March 2026: §6.3.2, Figure 6-5 and equations 1–6 (p. 12); §5.5–5.6 (pp. 5–7); §7.3 (p. 18). Adaptation: R1 = 10 kΩ, R2 = 47 kΩ, C1 = 100 nF, C2 = 10 nF, C3 = 100 µF, C4 = 100 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condensador, unos 1,1 s con 100 kω y 10 µf.\ntemporizador monoestable de retardo con ne555 (one-shot)\nel circuito de un solo disparo de la hoja de datos ti ne555: pulse start y la salida permanece alta durante un tiempo fijo determinado por una resistencia y un condensador, unos 1,1 s con 100 kω y 10 µf.\nne555 monostable delay timer (one-shot)\nthe one-shot circuit from the ti ne555 datasheet: press start and the output stays high for a fixed time set by one resistor and one capacitor, about 1.1 s with 100 kω and 10 µf.\ntiming_oscillators\ntemporizador de precisión\nne555p\nu1\nresistencia\n100kω\nr1\ncondensador electrolítico de aluminio\n10µf\nc1\ncondensador cerámico\n10nf\nc2\ncondensador cerámico\n100nf\nc3\nresistencia\n10kω\nr2\npulsador táctil\nstart\nsw1",{"slug":624,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":625,"voltageSpecification":626,"signalDomain":629,"breadboardFriendly":630,"title":631,"shortDescription":632,"bomCount":633,"formulaCount":634,"search":635},"bjt-astable-multivibrator-led-flasher",[612],{"kind":615,"value":627,"label":628},"5,0 V CC nominal supuesto de diseño para demostración educativa. Requiere margen suficiente por encima de la tensión directa del LED azul (~3,3 V típ.) para polarizar resistencias de colector y base; transitorios inversos base-emisor deben permanecer dentro del límite máximo absoluto (VEBO = 6,0 V para 2N3904BU).","Tensión nominal de alimentación","analog",false,"Multivibrador astable con transistores bipolares (destellador LED)","Oscilador de relajación discreto de dos transistores con acoplamiento cruzado que conmuta alternativamente dos LED sin circuitos integrados.",10,3,"multivibrador astable con transistores bipolares (destellador led)\noscilador de relajación discreto de dos transistores con acoplamiento cruzado que conmuta alternativamente dos led sin circuitos integrados.\nmultivibrador astable con transistores bipolares (destellador led)\noscilador de relajación discreto de dos transistores con acoplamiento cruzado que conmuta alternativamente dos led sin circuitos integrados.\nbjt astable multivibrator led flasher\ndiscrete two-transistor cross-coupled relaxation oscillator driving alternating leds without an integrated circuit.\ntiming_oscillators\ntransistor de unión bipolar npn\n2n3904bu\nq1\ntransistor de unión bipolar npn\n2n3904bu\nq2\nresistencia de película de carbón de 1\u002F4 w\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia de película de carbón de 1\u002F4 w\n47kω\nr2\nresistencia de película de carbón de 1\u002F4 w\n47kω\nr3\nresistencia de película de carbón de 1\u002F4 w\n1kω\nr4\ncondensador cerámico multicapa x7r no polar\n10µf\nc1\ncondensador cerámico multicapa x7r no polar\n10µf\nc2\nled indicador rojo estándar de 5 mm\nred\nd1\nled indicador azul estándar de 5 mm\nblue\nd2",{"slug":637,"cluster":638,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":639,"voltageSpecification":641,"signalDomain":617,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":644,"shortDescription":645,"bomCount":620,"formulaCount":646,"search":647},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[640,612,613],"3.3v",{"kind":615,"value":642,"label":643},"+12.0 V CC nominal (rango operativo de +10.8 V a +13.2 V)","Tensión de alimentación del relé (VLOAD)","Controlador de relé con BJT NPN 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A y diodo flyback 1N4007","Circuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar NPN para relé de 12V con diodo flyback 1N4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para MCU de 3.3V\u002F5V.",4,"controlador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\ncontrolador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor bipolar npn de uso general\n2n2222a\nq1\ndiodo rectificador \u002F fijador de uso general\n1n4007\nd1\nrelé subminiatura electromecánico spdt\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nresistencia limitadora de base 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia pull-down de base 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\ncondensador cerámico de desacoplo mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\ncondensador electrolítico de desacoplo de aluminio\n47µf 25v\nc2",1793836433857]