[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":715},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm393-comparator:es":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":673,"localizationFallbackIssues":674,"related":675,"confirmations":674},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":55,"formulas":74,"bom":158,"interactiveElements":211,"circuitJson":322,"svg":666,"relatedSchematicSlugs":667,"relatedComponentSlugs":670},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-11-03",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Gemini (AI documentary, CAD and hardware-localization review against Texas Instruments SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH Rev. AH April 2025; owner publication authorization; no bench, simulation, independent second review or native-speaker claim)",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Flm393.pdf","lm393-comparator","LM393: comparador de tensión de precisión con histéresis","analog_sensing","Tier 1","Comparador diferencial dual Texas Instruments LM393 en configuración de disparador Schmitt no inversor con 48.5 mV de histéresis por realimentación positiva, umbral de 2.5 V y salida de colector abierto.","Este circuito comparador de precisión implementa la configuración de referencia de detector de umbral de tensión y disparador Schmitt de la hoja de datos Texas Instruments LM393 SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH (Sección 8.2 Aplicación típica). Alimentado desde una única fuente de +5.0 V CC, el circuito configura el Canal A (U1A) del comparador dual para evaluar una señal analógica de entrada respecto a una referencia central interna de 2.50 V. Un divisor resistivo de precisión formado por R1 y R2 establece la tensión de referencia en la entrada inversora (pin 2), mientras que el resistor en serie de entrada R3 (10 kΩ) y el resistor de realimentación de alto valor R4 (1 MΩ) establecen la realimentación positiva hacia la entrada no inversora (pin 3). Este bucle crea dos umbrales de conmutación distintos —un punto de disparo superior de 2.524 V y un punto inferior de 2.475 V—, formando una banda muerta de histéresis de 48.5 mV que elimina la oscilación rápida y el rebote en la salida al procesar señales lentas o con ruido procedentes de sensores. La etapa de salida NPN de colector abierto se restaura a niveles lógicos mediante el resistor pull-up R5 (4.7 kΩ), mientras que el condensador de desacoplo cerámico C1 de 100 nF suprime los transitorios de conmutación.","### 1. Desacoplo de la línea de alimentación CC y estabilidad de detección respecto a tierra\nEl circuito opera desde una única línea de alimentación de +5.0 V CC conectada al pin 8 (VCC) y pin 4 (GND). El condensador de desacoplo de alimentación C1 (100 nF cerámico X7R) proporciona una reserva de carga localizada de baja impedancia directamente entre los pines de alimentación del CI, absorbiendo los picos transitorios de corriente de alta frecuencia generados cuando la etapa de salida de colector abierto conmuta rápidamente entre corte y saturación profunda. La arquitectura de entrada del LM393 utiliza pares diferenciales Darlington PNP con desplazamiento de nivel integrado, lo que permite que ambos terminales de entrada midan tensiones hasta el potencial de tierra del circuito (0 V) sin requerir una línea de alimentación negativa.\n\n### 2. Generación precisa de la tensión de referencia\nUna tensión de referencia estable V_REF se obtiene a partir de la línea de +5.0 V mediante un divisor de tensión formado por R1 (10 kΩ) y R2 (10 kΩ). Empleando resistores de película metálica con 1% de tolerancia, la tensión central aplicada al pin 2 (entrada inversora, 1IN-) es:\n$$V_{REF} = V_{CC} \\cdot \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2} = 5.0\\text{V} \\cdot \\frac{10\\text{k}\\Omega}{10\\text{k}\\Omega + 10\\text{k}\\Omega} = 2.50\\text{ V}$$\nEste umbral de 2.50 V está centrado dentro del rango lineal de modo común de entrada del dispositivo ($0\\text{ V}$ a $V_{CC} - 1.5\\text{V} = 3.5\\text{V}$), proporcionando un margen diferencial óptimo para excursiones de señal tanto positivas como negativas.\n\n### 3. Atenuación de la señal de entrada y acoplamiento de realimentación positiva\nLa señal analógica de entrada VIN entra a través del resistor en serie R3 (10 kΩ) y llega al nodo de suma j_in_pos antes de entrar al pin 3 (entrada no inversora, 1IN+). El resistor de realimentación positiva R4 (1 MΩ) acopla el estado de salida del comparador hacia este nodo de suma. Aplicando el principio de superposición, la tensión instantánea V+ en el pin 3 depende tanto de VIN como de la tensión de salida VOUT:\n$$V_+ = V_{IN} + (V_{OUT} - V_{IN}) \\cdot \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4}$$\nDado que R4 es cien veces mayor que R3 ($R_4 \u002F R_3 = 100$), la red de realimentación inyecta una pequeña fracción controlada del 1% de la oscilación de salida en el nodo no inversor, desplazando dinámicamente el umbral efectivo de conmutación según el estado de salida actual.\n\n### 4. Banda de histéresis y dinámica de conmutación sin rebotes\nCuando VIN es bajo, la salida del comparador se mantiene en nivel alto ($V_{OH} \\approx 5.0\\text{ V}$ mediante el resistor pull-up R5). La corriente que fluye por R4 eleva el potencial en el pin 3, fijando el punto de disparo superior ($V_{TH} \\approx 2.524\\text{ V}$). Cuando VIN supera $V_{TH}$, el amplificador diferencial interno conmuta, encendiendo el transistor NPN de colector abierto y llevando VOUT a saturación ($V_{OL} \\approx 0.1\\text{ V}$). Instantáneamente, R4 desplaza el umbral del pin 3 hacia el punto de disparo inferior ($V_{TL} \\approx 2.475\\text{ V}$). La diferencia entre ambos umbrales define la ventana de histéresis:\n$$\\Delta V_H = \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{OL}) \\approx \\frac{10\\text{k}\\Omega}{1010\\text{k}\\Omega} \\cdot (5.0\\text{V} - 0.1\\text{V}) \\approx 48.5\\text{ mV}$$\nEste margen de ruido de 48.5 mV evita disparos falsos, ráfagas parásitas y oscilaciones de rebote en la salida al evaluar señales de sensores ruidosas o de variación lenta.\n\n### 5. Restauración del nivel lógico de salida en colector abierto\nLa etapa de salida del LM393 consiste en un transistor bipolar NPN con colector abierto conectado directamente al pin 1. El resistor pull-up R5 (4.7 kΩ) conectado a +5.0 V restablece los niveles lógicos activos altos ($V_{OH} = 5.0\\text{ V}$) cuando el transistor de salida está en corte. Cuando el comparador pasa a estado BAJO, el conmutador interno absorbe $I_{SINK} = (5.0\\text{V} - 0.15\\text{V}) \u002F 4.7\\text{k}\\Omega \\approx 1.03\\text{ mA}$, llevando la salida limpiamente a $V_{OL} \\le 150\\text{ mV}$. Debido a que la línea de pull-up está eléctricamente aislada del núcleo del comparador, R5 puede conectarse alternativamente a una línea externa de +3.3 V de un microcontrolador, logrando una traducción de nivel lógico directa sin circuitos integrados adicionales.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Tensión de alimentación (VCC)","+5.0 V CC nominal (opera de 2.0 V a 36.0 V)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Tensión de referencia (VREF)","2.50 V (definida por divisor R1\u002FR2 de 10 kΩ 1%)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Rango de modo común de entrada (VICR)","0.0 V a 3.5 V (0 V a VCC - 1.5 V)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Banda de tensión de histéresis (ΔVH)","≈ 48.5 mV (R3 = 10 kΩ, R4 = 1 MΩ, β ≈ 0.0099)",{"label":39,"value":40},"Punto de disparo superior (VTH)","≈ 2.524 V (umbral de conmutación en subida)",{"label":42,"value":43},"Punto de disparo inferior (VTL)","≈ 2.475 V (umbral de conmutación en bajada)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Resistor pull-up de salida (R5)","4.7 kΩ (corriente de drenaje de 1.03 mA en estado bajo)",{"label":48,"value":49},"Tiempo de respuesta ante pequeña señal","1.3 µs típico (sobreimpulso de 5 mV)",[51,52,53,54],"Detección precisa de umbrales y digitalización inmune al ruido de sensores analógicos","Etapa básica de comparación para módulos de disparo con LDR y termistores NTC","Generación de ondas cuadradas y acondicionamiento de pulsos desde señales lentas","Traducción de niveles lógicos entre señales analógicas de alta tensión y microcontroladores de 3.3V\u002F5V",[56,61,65,70],{"title":57,"trap":58,"solution":59,"severity":60},"Resistor pull-up externo obligatorio en la salida","La salida del LM393 es un transistor NPN de colector abierto que solo puede drenar corriente a GND (0 V), sin capacidad de suministrar corriente positiva. Si se deja el pin 1 flotante sin pull-up, queda en alta impedancia y no conmuta las puertas lógicas.","Conecte siempre un resistor pull-up externo (de 1 kΩ a 10 kΩ) entre el pin 1 y la línea de alimentación lógica. Para bajo consumo utilice 10 kΩ; para transiciones rápidas (\u003C 200 ns) con carga capacitiva, use de 2.2 kΩ a 4.7 kΩ.","critical",{"title":62,"trap":63,"solution":64,"severity":60},"Superación del límite superior de modo común de entrada","La etapa de entrada Darlington PNP del LM393 permite medir señales hasta tierra (0 V), pero el límite superior está restringido a VCC - 1.5 V (3.5 V en una línea de 5 V). Superar este límite causa pérdida de ganancia diferencial o inversión de fase en la salida.","Asegúrese de que las tensiones de referencia y de entrada permanezcan entre 0 V y VCC - 1.5 V. Para medir tensiones superiores, reduzca la señal mediante un divisor resistivo previo.",{"title":66,"trap":67,"solution":68,"severity":69},"Oscilaciones de rebote en la salida sin realimentación positiva","Con una ganancia en lazo abierto de 200 V\u002FmV (106 dB), las señales que varían lentamente cerca del umbral de 2.5 V captan microvoltios de ruido, provocando oscilaciones violentas de la salida entre nivel ALTO y BAJO durante la transición.","Incorpore realimentación positiva conectando el resistor R4 (de 470 kΩ a 1 MΩ) de la salida a la entrada no inversora junto con el resistor en serie R3 (10 kΩ). Esto crea una histéresis de 20 mV a 50 mV que elimina el rebote.","warning",{"title":71,"trap":72,"solution":73,"severity":69},"Diafonía y ruido del canal secundario no utilizado","El LM393 contiene dos comparadores independientes. Dejar flotantes las entradas del canal secundario no utilizado (pines 5, 6 y 7) permite que actúen como antenas, induciendo oscilaciones internas que se acoplan al canal activo.","Termine el canal no utilizado conectando la entrada no inversora 2IN+ (pin 5) a tierra, la entrada inversora 2IN- (pin 6) a una tensión válida de modo común y dejando la salida de colector abierto 2OUT (pin 7) desconectada.",[75,96,120,139],{"name":76,"latexOrText":77,"description":78,"variables":79},"Tensión de umbral de referencia","V_{REF} = V_{CC} \\cdot \\frac{R_2}{R_1 + R_2}","Calcula la tensión de umbral de referencia CC establecida por el divisor resistivo en la entrada inversora del comparador.",[80,84,88,93],{"symbol":81,"name":76,"typicalValue":82,"unit":83},"V_{REF}","2.50","V",{"symbol":85,"name":86,"typicalValue":87,"unit":83},"V_{CC}","Tensión de alimentación positiva","5.00",{"symbol":89,"name":90,"typicalValue":91,"unit":92},"R_1","Resistor superior del divisor","10.0","kΩ",{"symbol":94,"name":95,"typicalValue":91,"unit":92},"R_2","Resistor inferior del divisor",{"name":97,"latexOrText":98,"description":99,"variables":100},"Banda de tensión de histéresis","\\Delta V_H = \\frac{R_3}{R_3 + R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{OL})","Determina la ventana total de histéresis que previene rebotes en la salida durante las transiciones de señal.",[101,106,109,113,116],{"symbol":102,"name":103,"typicalValue":104,"unit":105},"\\Delta V_H","Ventana de tensión de histéresis","48.5","mV",{"symbol":107,"name":108,"typicalValue":91,"unit":92},"R_3","Resistor en serie de entrada",{"symbol":110,"name":111,"typicalValue":112,"unit":92},"R_4","Resistor de histéresis de realimentación positiva","1000.0",{"symbol":114,"name":115,"typicalValue":87,"unit":83},"V_{OH}","Tensión pull-up de salida en nivel alto",{"symbol":117,"name":118,"typicalValue":119,"unit":83},"V_{OL}","Tensión de saturación de salida en nivel bajo","0.10",{"name":121,"latexOrText":122,"description":123,"variables":124},"Umbrales de conmutación superior e inferior","V_{TH} = V_{REF} + \\frac{R_3}{R_4} \\cdot (V_{REF} - V_{OL}), \\quad V_{TL} = V_{REF} - \\frac{R_3}{R_4} \\cdot (V_{OH} - V_{REF})","Calcula los umbrales de conmutación en subida (superior) y en bajada (inferior) producidos por la realimentación positiva.",[125,129,133,136,137],{"symbol":126,"name":127,"typicalValue":128,"unit":83},"V_{TH}","Punto de disparo superior (umbral en subida)","2.524",{"symbol":130,"name":131,"typicalValue":132,"unit":83},"V_{TL}","Punto de disparo inferior (umbral en bajada)","2.475",{"symbol":81,"name":134,"typicalValue":135,"unit":83},"Tensión de referencia nominal","2.500",{"symbol":107,"name":108,"typicalValue":91,"unit":92},{"symbol":110,"name":138,"typicalValue":112,"unit":92},"Resistor de realimentación positiva",{"name":140,"latexOrText":141,"description":142,"variables":143},"Corriente de drenaje pull-up de colector abierto","I_{SINK} = \\frac{V_{LOGIC} - V_{OL}}{R_5}","Calcula la corriente que debe drenar el transistor NPN de salida en estado lógico BAJO.",[144,149,152,154],{"symbol":145,"name":146,"typicalValue":147,"unit":148},"I_{SINK}","Corriente de drenaje en estado bajo","1.03","mA",{"symbol":150,"name":151,"typicalValue":87,"unit":83},"V_{LOGIC}","Tensión de alimentación pull-up lógica",{"symbol":117,"name":118,"typicalValue":153,"unit":83},"0.15",{"symbol":155,"name":156,"typicalValue":157,"unit":92},"R_5","Resistor pull-up de colector abierto","4.70",[159,168,175,179,183,187,191,198,205],{"refDes":160,"componentName":161,"value":162,"package":163,"quantity":164,"componentSlug":165,"role":166,"notes":167},"U1","Comparador diferencial dual","LM393P","PDIP-8",1,"lm393","Comparación de tensión de precisión con salida en colector abierto (Canal A en uso)","Texas Instruments LM393P, SLCS005AH Rev. AH; distribución de pines: pin 1 1OUT, pin 2 1IN-, pin 3 1IN+, pin 4 GND, pin 8 VCC.",{"refDes":169,"componentName":170,"value":171,"package":172,"quantity":164,"role":173,"notes":174},"R1","Resistor superior del divisor de referencia","10kΩ","0805 \u002F Axial","Brazo superior del divisor de tensión de referencia de 2.50 V","Película metálica, tolerancia 1%, 0.125 W",{"refDes":176,"componentName":177,"value":171,"package":172,"quantity":164,"role":178,"notes":174},"R2","Resistor inferior del divisor de referencia","Brazo inferior del divisor de tensión de referencia de 2.50 V",{"refDes":180,"componentName":181,"value":171,"package":172,"quantity":164,"role":182,"notes":174},"R3","Resistor de aislamiento en serie de entrada","Impedancia en serie de entrada que fija la relación de atenuación de la realimentación",{"refDes":184,"componentName":111,"value":185,"package":172,"quantity":164,"role":186,"notes":174},"R4","1MΩ","Introduce 48.5 mV de histéresis positiva para eliminar el rebote por ruido",{"refDes":188,"componentName":156,"value":189,"package":172,"quantity":164,"role":190,"notes":174},"R5","4.7kΩ","Lleva la salida de colector abierto a +5.0 V con corriente de drenaje de 1.03 mA",{"refDes":192,"componentName":193,"value":194,"package":195,"quantity":164,"role":196,"notes":197},"C1","Condensador de desacoplo de alimentación","100nF","0805 \u002F Radial","Suprime transitorios de alta frecuencia y estabiliza la línea de alimentación del CI","Condensador cerámico multicapa (MLCC), 50 V, dieléctrico X7R",{"refDes":199,"componentName":200,"value":201,"package":202,"quantity":164,"role":203,"notes":204},"P_VIN","Puerto de señal analógica de entrada","VIN","Header \u002F Terminal","Terminal de entrada para señal analógica externa (rango de 0.0 V a 3.5 V)","Entrada de tensión analógica monitorizada",{"refDes":206,"componentName":207,"value":208,"package":202,"quantity":164,"role":209,"notes":210},"P_VOUT","Puerto de salida del comparador","VOUT","Puerto de salida lógica digital (0.1 V bajo, 5.0 V alto)","Salida digital acondicionada por disparador Schmitt",{"P_VIN":212,"R3":220,"R4":227,"P_VCC1":232,"R1":242,"R2":246,"GND_R2":249,"U1A":258,"P_VCC2":268,"GND_U1":275,"P_VCC3":281,"R5":288,"P_VOUT":294,"P_VCC4":302,"C1":308,"GND_C1":316},{"refDes":199,"name":200,"value":201,"role":213,"description":214,"footprint":215,"specs":216},"Entrada de señal analógica","Nodo de entrada de señal de sensor analógico (ventana de 0.0 V a 3.5 V dentro del modo común).","Off-page connector",{"Tipo de señal":217,"Rango de tensión de entrada":218,"Impedancia de fuente":219},"Analógica CC \u002F CA","0.0 V a 3.5 V","\u003C 10 kΩ recomendada",{"refDes":180,"name":181,"value":171,"role":221,"description":222,"footprint":172,"specs":223},"Impedancia de entrada y atenuación de realimentación","Limita la corriente de entrada y forma junto con R4 un divisor de tensión para el lazo de histéresis.",{"Resistencia":224,"Tolerancia":225,"Potencia nominal":226},"10 kΩ","1%","0.125 W",{"refDes":184,"name":111,"value":185,"role":228,"description":229,"footprint":172,"specs":230},"Generación de histéresis","Inyecta una fracción del 1% de la oscilación de salida en la entrada no inversora, generando una histéresis de 48.5 mV.",{"Resistencia":231,"Tolerancia":225,"Potencia nominal":226},"1 MΩ",{"refDes":233,"name":234,"value":235,"role":236,"description":237,"footprint":238,"specs":239},"P_VCC1","Puerto de alimentación del divisor de referencia","+5V","Línea de polarización CC","Conexión de alimentación de +5.0 V para la corriente del divisor de tensión de referencia.","Power port",{"Tensión":240,"Consumo de corriente":241},"+5.0 V CC","0.25 mA",{"refDes":169,"name":170,"value":171,"role":243,"description":244,"footprint":172,"specs":245},"Generación de tensión de referencia","Brazo superior del divisor que reduce la tensión de +5.0 V al umbral de 2.50 V.",{"Resistencia":224,"Tolerancia":225,"Potencia nominal":226},{"refDes":176,"name":177,"value":171,"role":243,"description":247,"footprint":172,"specs":248},"Brazo inferior del divisor conectado a tierra, fijando la entrada inversora en 2.50 V.",{"Resistencia":224,"Tolerancia":225,"Potencia nominal":226},{"refDes":250,"name":251,"value":252,"role":253,"description":254,"footprint":255,"specs":256},"GND_R2","Puerto de tierra del divisor","GND","Referencia de tierra del circuito","Conexión a tierra de 0 V para la red del divisor de tensión.","Ground port",{"Potencial":257,"Red":252},"0.0 V",{"refDes":259,"name":260,"value":162,"role":261,"description":262,"footprint":163,"specs":263},"U1A","Comparador diferencial dual (Canal A)","Comparación de tensión de precisión","Comparador bipolar diferencial de alta ganancia con salida en colector abierto y detección hasta potencial de tierra.",{"Rango de alimentación":264,"Tensión de offset de entrada":265,"Tiempo de respuesta":266,"Capacidad de drenaje de salida":267},"2.0 V a 36.0 V","2.0 mV típ.","1.3 µs típ.","16 mA típ.",{"refDes":269,"name":270,"value":235,"role":271,"description":272,"footprint":238,"specs":273},"P_VCC2","Puerto de alimentación del comparador","Alimentación del CI","Línea de +5.0 V CC que suministra corriente de operación al comparador LM393.",{"Tensión":240,"Corriente de alimentación":274},"0.8 mA típ.",{"refDes":276,"name":277,"value":252,"role":278,"description":279,"footprint":255,"specs":280},"GND_U1","Puerto de tierra del comparador","Retorno de tierra del CI","Terminal de alimentación negativa y retorno a tierra del comparador LM393 (Pin 4).",{"Potencial":257,"Red":252},{"refDes":282,"name":283,"value":235,"role":284,"description":285,"footprint":238,"specs":286},"P_VCC3","Puerto de alimentación lógica pull-up","Conexión a línea lógica","Línea lógica de +5.0 V que suministra corriente pull-up a la etapa de salida de colector abierto.",{"Tensión":240,"Nivel lógico":287},"5 V TTL\u002FCMOS",{"refDes":188,"name":156,"value":189,"role":289,"description":290,"footprint":172,"specs":291},"Pull-up de nivel lógico de salida","Restaura la salida de colector abierto a nivel alto de +5.0 V cuando el transistor NPN se apaga.",{"Resistencia":292,"Tolerancia":225,"Potencia nominal":226,"Corriente de drenaje":293},"4.7 kΩ","1.03 mA",{"refDes":206,"name":295,"value":208,"role":296,"description":297,"footprint":215,"specs":298},"Puerto de salida digital","Salida digital de disparador Schmitt","Salida lógica digital limpia y acondicionada para conexión directa a microcontroladores.",{"Tensión de nivel alto (VOH)":299,"Tensión de nivel bajo (VOL)":300,"Tiempo de subida":301},"5.0 V","\u003C 150 mV","\u003C 150 ns",{"refDes":303,"name":304,"value":235,"role":305,"description":306,"footprint":238,"specs":307},"P_VCC4","Puerto de alimentación de desacoplo","Conexión de alimentación CC","Conexión a línea de +5.0 V que alimenta el condensador cerámico de desacoplo.",{"Tensión":240},{"refDes":192,"name":309,"value":194,"role":310,"description":311,"footprint":195,"specs":312},"Condensador cerámico de desacoplo de alimentación","Desacoplo de alimentación de alta frecuencia","Suprime los picos de conmutación de alta frecuencia y estabiliza la línea de alimentación del comparador.",{"Capacidad":313,"Dieléctrico":314,"Tensión nominal":315},"100 nF (0.1 µF)","Cerámico X7R","50 V",{"refDes":317,"name":318,"value":252,"role":319,"description":320,"footprint":255,"specs":321},"GND_C1","Puerto de tierra de desacoplo","Retorno de CA de alta frecuencia","Retorno a tierra localizado para corrientes de desacoplo de alta frecuencia procedentes de C1.",{"Potencial":257,"Red":252},{"schemaVersion":323,"id":18,"meta":324,"components":331,"nets":427,"junctions":485,"netLabels":502,"wires":503},"1.5",{"title":325,"locale":326,"grid":327,"source":328},"LM393: comparador de tensión con histéresis","es",20,{"type":329,"ref":330,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments SLCS005 \u002F SLCS005AH (Rev. AH, April 2025), Section 8.2 Typical Application. Single-ended comparator configuration with positive feedback 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v.\nlm358: amplificador operacional inversor\namplificador inversor monocanal basado en el operacional dual texas instruments lm358 con ganancia en lazo cerrado de -3.6 v\u002Fv y alimentación simétrica de ±12 v.\nlm358 inverting operational amplifier\nsingle-channel inverting amplifier using the texas instruments lm358 dual op-amp providing -3.6 v\u002Fv closed-loop gain from a ±12 v split supply.\nanalog_sensing\namplificador operacional dual\nlm358p\nu1\nresistencia en serie de entrada\n10kω\nr1\nresistencia de realimentación\n36kω\nr2",{"slug":668,"cluster":690,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":691,"voltageSpecification":693,"signalDomain":463,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":697,"shortDescription":698,"bomCount":699,"formulaCount":687,"search":700},"power_supplies",[692,678],"5v",{"kind":694,"value":695,"label":696},"input","10 V nominal (opera de 8 V a 15 V con dimensionamiento adecuado de R3)","Tensión de alimentación nominal","Referencia de Tensión Shunt Precisa TL431","Circuito de referencia de tensión shunt de precisión programable Texas Instruments TL431 que entrega 5.0 V nominales desde 10 V con resistencia de 470 Ω y divisor 10 kΩ \u002F 10 kΩ.",5,"referencia de tensión shunt precisa tl431\ncircuito de referencia de tensión shunt de precisión programable texas instruments tl431 que entrega 5.0 v nominales desde 10 v con resistencia de 470 ω y divisor 10 kω \u002F 10 kω.\nreferencia de tensión shunt precisa tl431\ncircuito de referencia de tensión shunt de precisión programable texas instruments tl431 que entrega 5.0 v nominales desde 10 v con resistencia de 470 ω y divisor 10 kω \u002F 10 kω.\ntl431 precision shunt voltage reference\ntexas instruments tl431 programmable precision shunt voltage reference circuit producing 5.0 v nominal from a 10 v rail with a 470 ω bias resistor and 10 kω \u002F 10 kω divider.\npower_supplies\nregulador shunt programable de precisión\ntl431lp\nu1\nresistencia de balasto en serie\n470ω\nr3\nresistencia superior del divisor\n10kω\nr1\nresistencia inferior del divisor\n10kω\nr2\ncondensador de desacoplo de entrada\n100nf\nc1",{"slug":702,"cluster":703,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":704,"voltageSpecification":706,"signalDomain":709,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":710,"shortDescription":711,"bomCount":712,"formulaCount":713,"search":714},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[705,692,678],"3.3v",{"kind":681,"value":707,"label":708},"+12.0 V CC nominal (rango operativo de +10.8 V a +13.2 V)","Tensión de alimentación del relé (VLOAD)","digital","Controlador de relé con BJT NPN 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A y diodo flyback 1N4007","Circuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar NPN para relé de 12V con diodo flyback 1N4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para MCU de 3.3V\u002F5V.",7,4,"controlador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\ncontrolador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor bipolar npn de uso general\n2n2222a\nq1\ndiodo rectificador \u002F fijador de uso general\n1n4007\nd1\nrelé subminiatura electromecánico spdt\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nresistencia limitadora de base 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia pull-down de base 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\ncondensador cerámico de desacoplo mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\ncondensador electrolítico de desacoplo de aluminio\n47µf 25v\nc2",1793836432888]