[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":651},["ShallowReactive",2],{"schematic:lm386-bass-boost-amplifier:es":3},{"schematic":4,"title":19,"shortDescription":22,"proseSource":610,"localizationFallbackIssues":611,"related":612,"confirmations":611},{"schemaVersion":5,"governance":6,"slug":18,"title":19,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"shortDescription":22,"deepTechnicalOverview":23,"theoryOfOperation":24,"keySpecifications":25,"applications":50,"gotchas":55,"formulas":74,"bom":127,"interactiveElements":184,"circuitJson":243,"svg":605,"relatedSchematicSlugs":606,"relatedComponentSlugs":608,"relatedBoardSlugs":609},"1.0",{"publication":7,"verification":10,"provenance":15},{"status":8,"publishedDate":9},"published","2026-10-25",{"status":11,"verifiedDate":9,"verifiedBy":12,"checklist":13},"verified","Codex: documentary verification and CAD redraw against TI SNAS545D Figure 9-9; owner publication authorization; no bench test, independent second review or native-speaker sign-off",{"schema":14,"technicalFacts":14,"relationships":14,"sources":14},true,{"sourceUrls":16},[17],"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.ti.com\u002Flit\u002Fds\u002Fsymlink\u002Flm386.pdf","lm386-bass-boost-amplifier","Amplificador de audio LM386 con realce de graves","audio_amplifiers","Tier 1","Esquema editable de la figura 9-9 de TI: LM386 con una rama de realimentación de 10 kΩ y 33 nF, control de volumen y altavoz de 8 Ω alimentado por una pila de 9 V.","Este circuito reproduce la figura 9-9 de la hoja de datos Texas Instruments LM386 SNAS545D. Una resistencia de 10 kΩ y un condensador de 33 nF en serie conectan el pin 1 con la salida, pin 5, antes del condensador de acoplamiento. La realimentación depende de la frecuencia y destaca los graves respecto a medios y agudos. El pin 8 queda abierto: no es el circuito independiente de ganancia 200. La pila de 9 V y el altavoz de 8 Ω se eligen dentro de la tabla 9-5. Se omite el condensador BYPASS opcional, dibujado a trazos y sin valor por TI. TI recomienda desacoplar la alimentación localmente, pero aquí no indica la capacidad. El montaje final debe verificarse.","### 1. Entrada y volumen\nRV1 es un potenciómetro de 10 kΩ entre VIN y masa. Su cursor alimenta el pin 3; el pin 2 está conectado a masa. Empiece con el volumen bajo y mantenga la señal del pin 3 dentro de ±0.4 V.\n\n### 2. Realimentación dependiente de la frecuencia\nR2 (10 kΩ) y C3 (0.033 µF) forman una rama en serie entre los pines 1 y 5. TI explica que queda en paralelo con la resistencia interna de realimentación de 15 kΩ. A bajas frecuencias C3 limita esta rama; a frecuencias superiores permite más realimentación y reduce la ganancia respecto a los graves. Es un contorno tonal relativo, no una mayor capacidad de potencia de salida.\n\n### 3. Pin 8 y estabilidad\nEl pin 8 queda abierto. TI indica 10 kΩ como resistencia mínima de realimentación para un funcionamiento estable en esta configuración. No se instala el condensador entre los pines 1 y 8 para ganancia 200. La referencia RC calculada es de unos 482 Hz; no representa la respuesta completa del amplificador ni un corte de graves medido.\n\n### 4. Acoplamiento de salida\nEl pin 5 se polariza aproximadamente a la mitad de la alimentación: unos 4.5 V con 9 V. C1 (250 µF), con el positivo hacia el pin 5, bloquea esa continua hacia LS1. Con una carga ideal de 8 Ω, el corte pasaaltos calculado es de unos 80 Hz; los graves más bajos siguen atenuándose.\n\n### 5. Red RC de salida\nC2 (0.05 µF) y R1 (10 Ω) forman la red independiente en serie de la salida a masa que dibuja TI. No la confunda con la realimentación del pin 1: R2 vuelve al pin 5 antes de C1, no al terminal del altavoz después de C1.\n\n### 6. Alimentación y BYPASS\nSe dibuja una pila de 9 V; la tabla 9-5 indica 5 V – 12 V y cargas de 4 Ω – 32 Ω. El pin 7 queda abierto, sin el condensador BYPASS opcional a trazos. Añada desacoplamiento local entre el pin 6 y masa y siga las recomendaciones de trazado de TI; la referencia no fija su capacidad.",[26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47],{"label":27,"value":28},"Tensión de alimentación de funcionamiento","Pila de 9 V en el esquema; intervalo de diseño 5 V – 12 V (TI, tabla 9-5)",{"label":30,"value":31},"Ganancia de tensión","Ganancia dependiente de la frecuencia mediante R2\u002FC3; pin 8 abierto; sin condensador de ganancia 200 (TI, figura 9-9)",{"label":33,"value":34},"Carga","Altavoz de 8 Ω en el esquema; intervalo de diseño 4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI, tabla 9-5)",{"label":36,"value":37},"Potencia de salida","325 mW típicos, 250 mW mínimos con VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = 10% (LM386N-1); la hoja de datos no especifica la potencia de salida del LM386N-1 a 9 V",{"label":39,"value":40},"Corriente de reposo","4 mA típicos, 8 mA máximos con VS = 6 V, VIN = 0 (TI §6.5)",{"label":42,"value":43},"Tensión de entrada en la patilla 3","de −0,4 V a +0,4 V (máximo absoluto y rango recomendado)",{"label":45,"value":46},"Frecuencia de corte inferior","≈ 80 Hz, calculado con C1 = 250 µF y una carga de 8 Ω; no medido",{"label":48,"value":49},"Rama de realimentación para graves","R2 = 10 kΩ, C3 = 0.033 µF (33 nF), en serie entre los pines 1 y 5",[51,52,53,54],"Amplificadores de radio AM\u002FFM","Intercomunicadores","Sistemas de sonido de televisores","Salida de altavoz alimentada por pila para proyectos de audio portátiles",[56,61,66,70],{"title":57,"trap":58,"solution":59,"severity":60},"Saturar la entrada","La tensión de entrada máxima absoluta es de ±0,4 V. Una señal de auriculares o de nivel de línea puede ser mayor; aplicada directamente a la patilla 3 puede superar ese límite, y la salida recorta mucho antes de que la entrada lo alcance.","Mantenga RV1 entre la fuente y la patilla 3, como en el esquema, y empiece con el volumen al mínimo; mantenga la señal en la patilla 3 dentro de ±0,4 V.","critical",{"title":62,"trap":63,"solution":64,"severity":65},"Falta el desacoplo de la alimentación","La figura 9-9 no dibuja condensador en la alimentación, pero TI recomienda uno cerca de la patilla 6. Sin él, los cables largos de la pila y el rizado de la alimentación llegan a la salida como zumbido o inestabilidad.","Añada un condensador entre la patilla 6 y GND junto al circuito integrado (la hoja de datos no da el valor) y mantenga cortos los cables del altavoz (TI §10, §11.1).","warning",{"title":67,"trap":68,"solution":69,"severity":65},"C1 montado al revés","La patilla 5 está a aproximadamente la mitad de la alimentación, así que C1 soporta una tensión continua permanente. Un electrolítico montado al revés queda polarizado en inversa.","Monte C1 con el terminal positivo hacia la patilla 5 y el negativo hacia el altavoz, y use una tensión nominal superior a la de alimentación.",{"title":71,"trap":72,"solution":73,"severity":65},"Resistencia de realimentación y pin 8","Una R2 menor con el pin 8 abierto puede reducir la ganancia de lazo cerrado por debajo del intervalo compensado del LM386. TI establece 10 kΩ como mínimo para un funcionamiento estable en esta configuración.","Mantenga R2 en 10 kΩ o más y el pin 8 abierto, como en la figura 9-9. Conecte la rama RC al pin 5 antes de C1. No la combine con una modificación de ganancia 200 sin rediseño y verificación.",[75,95,114],{"name":76,"latexOrText":77,"description":78,"variables":79},"Referencia de frecuencia RC","f_{RC}=\\frac{1}{2\\pi R_2 C_3}","Frecuencia calculada donde el módulo de la reactancia de C3 iguala R2: unos 482 Hz con 10 kΩ y 33 nF. Es una referencia de componentes, no el corte de la respuesta completa de graves.",[80,85,90],{"symbol":81,"name":82,"typicalValue":83,"unit":84},"R_2","Resistencia de realimentación","10","kΩ",{"symbol":86,"name":87,"typicalValue":88,"unit":89},"C_3","Condensador de realimentación","33","nF",{"symbol":91,"name":92,"typicalValue":93,"unit":94},"f_{RC}","Referencia RC (calculada)","482","Hz",{"name":96,"latexOrText":97,"description":98,"variables":99},"Frecuencia de corte del acoplamiento de salida","f_c = \\frac{1}{2\\pi R_L C_1}","Frecuencia por debajo de la cual C1 y el altavoz atenúan la señal (−3 dB), considerando el altavoz como una resistencia pura de 8 Ω.",[100,105,110],{"symbol":101,"name":102,"typicalValue":103,"unit":104},"R_L","Impedancia del altavoz","8","Ω",{"symbol":106,"name":107,"typicalValue":108,"unit":109},"C_1","Condensador de acoplamiento de salida","250","µF",{"symbol":111,"name":112,"typicalValue":113,"unit":94},"f_c","Frecuencia de corte (calculada)","80",{"name":115,"latexOrText":116,"description":117,"variables":118},"Tensión de polarización de la salida","V_{OUT(DC)} \\approx \\frac{V_S}{2}","La salida se polariza sola a aproximadamente la mitad de la tensión de alimentación; C1 impide que ese nivel de continua llegue al altavoz.",[119,124],{"symbol":120,"name":121,"typicalValue":122,"unit":123},"V_S","Tensión de alimentación","9","V",{"symbol":125,"name":115,"typicalValue":126,"unit":123},"V_{OUT(DC)}","4.5",[128,137,143,150,157,162,168,175,179],{"refDes":129,"componentName":130,"value":131,"package":132,"quantity":133,"componentSlug":134,"role":135,"notes":136},"U1","Amplificador de potencia de audio de baja tensión","LM386N-1","PDIP-8",1,"lm386","Amplificador de potencia de audio con realimentación dependiente de la frecuencia","TI LM386N-1\u002FNOPB. LM386N-3 y LM386N-4 comparten el pinout, pero tienen límites distintos de alimentación y potencia de salida.",{"refDes":138,"componentName":139,"value":140,"package":141,"quantity":133,"role":142},"RV1","Potenciómetro rotativo","10kΩ","Panel \u002F PCB mount","Control de volumen y atenuador de entrada",{"refDes":144,"componentName":145,"value":146,"package":147,"quantity":133,"role":148,"notes":149},"C1","Condensador electrolítico de aluminio","250µF","Radial","Acoplamiento de la salida al altavoz","Valor de la hoja de datos. 220 µF es el valor comercial más cercano y sube la frecuencia de corte calculada a unos 90 Hz. Tensión nominal superior a la alimentación; + hacia la patilla 5.",{"refDes":151,"componentName":152,"value":153,"package":154,"quantity":133,"role":155,"notes":156},"C2","Condensador cerámico o de película","0.05µF","Radial \u002F 0805","Red RC de salida","Valor de la hoja de datos; 47 nF es el valor comercial más cercano.",{"refDes":158,"componentName":159,"value":160,"package":161,"quantity":133,"role":155},"R1","Resistencia de 1\u002F4 W","10Ω","Axial \u002F 0805",{"refDes":163,"componentName":164,"value":165,"package":166,"quantity":133,"role":33,"notes":167},"LS1","Altavoz","8Ω","Wired","De 4 Ω a 32 Ω según la tabla 9-5 de TI.",{"refDes":169,"componentName":170,"value":171,"package":172,"quantity":133,"role":173,"notes":174},"BT1","Pila de 9 V","9V","PP3 \u002F 6LR61","Alimentación","Cualquier alimentación de 5 V a 12 V (TI, tabla 9-5).",{"refDes":176,"componentName":82,"value":140,"package":161,"quantity":133,"role":177,"notes":178},"R2","Rama en serie de realimentación para graves","Valor de la figura 9-9 de TI. Con el pin 8 abierto, TI establece 10 kΩ como mínimo para un funcionamiento estable.",{"refDes":180,"componentName":87,"value":181,"package":154,"quantity":133,"role":182,"notes":183},"C3","0.033µF","Corrección de frecuencia en serie con R2","33 nF, los 0.033 µF de la figura 9-9 de TI. No polarizado.",{"BT1":185,"RV1":191,"U1":198,"C1":206,"C2":214,"R1":221,"LS1":227,"R2":233,"C3":238},{"refDes":169,"name":170,"value":171,"role":173,"description":186,"footprint":187,"specs":188},"Alimenta VS en la patilla 6. 9 V está dentro del rango de funcionamiento del LM386N-1, de 4 V a 12 V, y de los 5 V a 12 V de la tabla de diseño de la hoja de datos.","PP3 \u002F 6LR61 battery clip",{"Tensión nominal":189,"Rango de alimentación del LM386N-1":190},"9 V","4 V – 12 V (TI §6.5)",{"refDes":138,"name":192,"value":140,"role":193,"description":194,"footprint":195,"specs":196},"Potenciómetro de volumen","Atenuador de entrada","Conectado entre la entrada y masa; su cursor fija qué parte de la señal de entrada llega a la patilla 3 y, por tanto, el volumen. También mantiene la patilla 3 dentro de su rango de entrada de ±0,4 V.","Rotary, panel or PCB mount",{"Resistencia":197},"10 kΩ (TI, figura 9-9)",{"refDes":129,"name":199,"value":131,"role":135,"description":200,"componentSlug":134,"footprint":132,"specs":201},"Amplificador de potencia de audio LM386","R2 y C3 conectan el pin 1 al pin 5 y hacen que la realimentación dependa de la frecuencia. El pin 8 queda abierto; el pin 2 va a masa. El pin 7 queda abierto, sin el condensador BYPASS opcional. La salida sigue polarizada aproximadamente a media alimentación.",{"Ganancia de tensión":202,"Corriente de reposo":203,"Potencia de salida":204,"Tensión de entrada":205},"Ganancia dependiente de la frecuencia mediante R2\u002FC3; pin 8 abierto","4 mA típicos, 8 mA máximos con VS = 6 V (TI §6.5)","325 mW típicos con VS = 6 V, RL = 8 Ω, THD = 10% (LM386N-1)","de −0,4 V a +0,4 V",{"refDes":144,"name":107,"value":146,"role":207,"description":208,"footprint":209,"specs":210},"Impide que la polarización de continua de la salida llegue al altavoz","La salida está a aproximadamente la mitad de la tensión de alimentación. C1 deja pasar la señal de audio al altavoz y bloquea ese nivel de continua; con el altavoz de 8 Ω fija una frecuencia de corte inferior calculada de unos 80 Hz. Su terminal positivo mira hacia la patilla 5.","Radial electrolytic",{"Capacidad":211,"Polaridad":212,"Tensión nominal":213},"250 µF (TI, figura 9-9)","+ hacia la patilla 5","Superior a la alimentación de 9 V",{"refDes":151,"name":215,"value":153,"role":216,"description":217,"footprint":218,"specs":219},"Condensador de la red de salida","Red RC en serie en la salida","Junto con R1 forma la red RC en serie de la patilla 5 a masa que TI usa en la salida de la mayoría de los circuitos de aplicación de la hoja de datos.","Ceramic or film",{"Capacidad":220},"0,05 µF (50 nF) (TI, figura 9-9)",{"refDes":158,"name":222,"value":160,"role":216,"description":223,"footprint":224,"specs":225},"Resistencia de la red de salida","Junto con C2 forma la red RC en serie de la patilla 5 a masa. A altas frecuencias ofrece a la salida una carga de unos 10 Ω.","Axial 1\u002F4 W",{"Resistencia":226},"10 Ω (TI, figura 9-9)",{"refDes":163,"name":164,"value":165,"role":33,"description":228,"footprint":229,"specs":230},"Altavoz de 8 Ω entre C1 y masa. Las tablas de diseño de la hoja de datos indican cargas de 4 Ω a 32 Ω; la impedancia mínima recomendada del altavoz es 4 Ω.","Wired speaker",{"Impedancia":231,"Rango admitido":232},"8 Ω","4 Ω – 32 Ω (TI, tabla 9-5)",{"refDes":176,"name":234,"value":140,"role":177,"description":235,"footprint":161,"specs":236},"Resistencia de realimentación de graves","En serie con C3 entre los pines 1 y 5. TI establece 10 kΩ como mínimo para un funcionamiento estable con el pin 8 abierto.",{"Resistencia":237},"10 kΩ (TI 9-9)",{"refDes":180,"name":239,"value":181,"role":182,"description":240,"footprint":154,"specs":241},"Condensador de realimentación de graves","Condensador no polarizado de 33 nF en la realimentación. Reduce la realimentación añadida a bajas frecuencias, destacando los graves respecto a frecuencias superiores.",{"Capacidad":242},"0.033 µF (33 nF) (TI 9-9)",{"schemaVersion":244,"id":245,"meta":246,"components":252,"nets":357,"junctions":435,"netLabels":445,"wires":446},"1.5","lm386_bass_boost",{"title":19,"locale":247,"grid":248,"source":249},"es",20,{"type":250,"ref":251,"url":17},"datasheet","Texas Instruments LM386 Low Voltage Audio Power Amplifier, SNAS545D, revised August 2023: Figure 9-9 LM386 with Bass Boost and Table 9-5 (p. 15), §9.2.1.2.1 Gain Control (p. 10), §6.5, §10 and §11.1. Adaptations: 9 V battery and 8 Ω speaker within Table 9-5; optional unvalued dashed pin-7 BYPASS capacitor omitted. Original drawing by CircuitBase from the cited 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potenciómetro de volumen, el lm386 con su ganancia interna de 20, un condensador de salida y una red rc que excitan un altavoz de 8 ω desde una pila de 9 v.\namplificador de audio lm386 con ganancia 20\nel amplificador para altavoz con el mínimo de componentes de la hoja de datos lm386 de ti: un potenciómetro de volumen, el lm386 con su ganancia interna de 20, un condensador de salida y una red rc que excitan un altavoz de 8 ω desde una pila de 9 v.\nlm386 audio amplifier with gain 20\nthe minimum-parts speaker amplifier from the ti lm386 datasheet: a volume potentiometer, the lm386 at its internal gain of 20, an output capacitor and an rc network driving an 8 ω speaker from a 9 v battery.\naudio_amplifiers\namplificador de potencia de audio de baja tensión\nlm386n-1\nu1\npotenciómetro rotativo\n10kω\nrv1\ncondensador electrolítico de aluminio\n250µf\nc1\ncondensador cerámico o de película\n0.05µf\nc2\nresistencia de 1\u002F4 w\n10ω\nr1\naltavoz\n8ω\nls1\npila de 9 v\n9v\nbt1",{"slug":627,"cluster":20,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":628,"voltageSpecification":630,"signalDomain":620,"breadboardFriendly":633,"title":634,"shortDescription":635,"bomCount":636,"formulaCount":637,"search":638},"ne5532-ultra-low-noise-inverting-mic-preamp",[616,629],"dual_rail",{"kind":618,"value":631,"label":632},"±15 V simétricos regulados (±3 V a ±20 V)","Raíles de alimentación (V+ \u002F V-)",false,"Preamplificador de micrófono inversor de ultra bajo ruido NE5532","Preamplificador de audio inversor de ultra bajo ruido monocanal basado en el amplificador operacional Texas Instruments NE5532, con ganancia de +33.4 dB en bucle cerrado, bloqueo de CC de entrada y compensación de fase de alta frecuencia.",9,4,"preamplificador de micrófono inversor de ultra bajo ruido ne5532\npreamplificador de audio inversor de ultra bajo ruido monocanal basado en el amplificador operacional texas instruments ne5532, con ganancia de +33.4 db en bucle cerrado, bloqueo de cc de entrada y compensación de fase de alta frecuencia.\npreamplificador de micrófono inversor de ultra bajo ruido ne5532\npreamplificador de audio inversor de ultra bajo ruido monocanal basado en el amplificador operacional texas instruments ne5532, con ganancia de +33.4 db en bucle cerrado, bloqueo de cc de entrada y compensación de fase de alta frecuencia.\nne5532 ultra-low-noise inverting microphone preamplifier\nsingle-channel ultra-low-noise inverting audio preamplifier based on the texas instruments ne5532 op-amp, featuring +33.4 db closed-loop gain, input dc blocking, and high-frequency phase compensation.\naudio_amplifiers\namplificador operacional de audio dual de bajo ruido y alta velocidad\nne5532p\nu1\nresistencia serie de entrada\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia de realimentación de bucle cerrado\n47kω\nr2\nresistencia de polarización de entrada no inversora\n1kω\nr3\nresistencia de aislamiento para cable de salida\n47ω\nr4\ncondensador de acoplamiento de ca de entrada\n10µf\nc1\ncondensador de compensación de fase de realimentación\n47pf\nc2\ncondensador de desacoplo de ruido de polarización no inversora\n10µf\nc3\ncondensador de acoplamiento de ca de salida\n10µf\nc6",{"slug":640,"cluster":641,"tier":21,"supplyVoltage":642,"voltageSpecification":644,"signalDomain":647,"breadboardFriendly":14,"title":648,"shortDescription":649,"bomCount":623,"formulaCount":637,"search":650},"2n2222-relay-driver-flyback-protection","microcontroller_interfaces",[643,615,616],"3.3v",{"kind":618,"value":645,"label":646},"+12.0 V CC nominal (rango operativo de +10.8 V a +13.2 V)","Tensión de alimentación del relé (VLOAD)","digital","Controlador de relé con BJT NPN 2N2222 \u002F 2N2222A y diodo flyback 1N4007","Circuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar NPN para relé de 12V con diodo flyback 1N4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para MCU de 3.3V\u002F5V.","controlador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\ncontrolador de relé con bjt npn 2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a y diodo flyback 1n4007\ncircuito de conmutación de lado bajo con transistor bipolar npn para relé de 12v con diodo flyback 1n4007, excitación en saturación y desacoplo de alimentación para mcu de 3.3v\u002F5v.\n2n2222 \u002F 2n2222a npn bjt relay driver with 1n4007 flyback clamping diode\ndiscrete npn bipolar junction transistor low-side relay driver circuit with 1n4007 flyback suppression diode, base saturation drive, and supply decoupling for 3.3v\u002F5v mcu control.\nmicrocontroller_interfaces\ntransistor bipolar npn de uso general\n2n2222a\nq1\ndiodo rectificador \u002F fijador de uso general\n1n4007\nd1\nrelé subminiatura electromecánico spdt\ng5v-1-dc12\nk1\nresistencia limitadora de base 1 kω\n1kω\nr1\nresistencia pull-down de base 10 kω\n10kω\nr2\ncondensador cerámico de desacoplo mlcc\n100nf 50v\nc1\ncondensador electrolítico de desacoplo de aluminio\n47µf 25v\nc2",1793836432593]